Editing Scientific Revolution (section)

===Bacon's contributions===
[[File:Somer Francis Bacon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Francis Bacon]] was a pivotal figure in establishing the [[scientific method]] of investigation. Portrait by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]] (1617).]]
The philosophical underpinnings of the Scientific Revolution were laid out by Francis Bacon, who has been called the father of empiricism.<ref name="Sweet Briar College"/> His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the ''[[Baconian method]]'', or simply the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper [[methodology]] today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Principe |first1=Lawrence |title=The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction |date=28 April 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956-741-6 |pages=120–121}}</ref>

Bacon proposed a great reformation of all process of knowledge for the advancement of learning divine and human, which he called ''Instauratio Magna'' (The Great Instauration). For Bacon, this reformation would lead to a great advancement in science and a progeny of inventions that would relieve mankind's miseries and needs. His ''[[Novum Organum]]'' was published in 1620, in which he argues man is "the minister and interpreter of nature," "knowledge and human power are synonymous," "effects are produced by the means of instruments and helps," "man while operating can only apply or withdraw natural bodies; nature internally performs the rest," and "nature can only be commanded by obeying her".<ref name = "Novum Organum" /> Here is an abstract of the philosophy of this work, that by the knowledge of nature and the using of instruments, man can govern or direct the natural work of nature to produce definite results. Therefore, that man, by seeking knowledge of nature, can reach power over it—and thus reestablish the "Empire of Man over creation," which had been lost by [[Fall of man|the Fall]] together with man's original purity. In this way, he believed, would mankind be raised above conditions of helplessness, poverty and misery, while coming into a condition of peace, prosperity and security.<ref>{{Citation | last = Bacon | first = Francis | title = Temporis Partus Maximus | year = 1605}}.</ref>

For this purpose of obtaining knowledge of and power over nature, Bacon outlined in this work a new system of logic he believed to be superior to the old ways of [[syllogism]], developing his scientific method, consisting of procedures for isolating the formal cause of a phenomenon (heat, for example) through eliminative induction. For him, the philosopher should proceed through inductive reasoning from [[fact]] to [[axiom]] to [[Scientific law|physical law]]. Before beginning this induction, though, the enquirer must free his or her mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth. In particular, he found that philosophy was too preoccupied with words, particularly discourse and debate, rather than actually observing the material world: "For while men believe their reason governs words, in fact, words turn back and reflect their power upon the understanding, and so render philosophy and science sophistical and inactive."<ref>{{Citation | last = Zagorin | first = Perez | title = Francis Bacon | place = Princeton | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1998 | page = 84|isbn=978-0-691-00966-7}}</ref>

Bacon considered that it is of greatest importance to science not to keep doing intellectual discussions or seeking merely contemplative aims, but that it should work for the bettering of mankind's life by bringing forth new inventions, even stating "inventions are also, as it were, new creations and imitations of divine works".<ref name="Novum Organum">{{cite web|last= Bacon|first= Francis|title=Novum Organum|title-link= s:Novum Organum}}</ref>{{Page needed | date = January 2014}} He explored the far-reaching and world-changing character of inventions, such as the [[printing press]], [[gunpowder]] and the [[compass]]. Despite his influence on scientific methodology, he rejected correct novel theories such as [[William Gilbert (physician)|William Gilbert]]'s [[magnetism]], Copernicus's heliocentrism, and [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gillispie|first=Charles Coulston|url=https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char|title=The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1960|isbn=0-691-02350-6|page=74|author-link=Charles Coulston Gillispie}}</ref>