Editing Santiago (section)

===Capital of the Republic===
[[File:Battle of Maipu.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Maipú]], 1818]]
On September 18, 1810, the [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|First Government Junta]] was proclaimed in Santiago, marking the beginning of [[Independence of Chile|Chile’s path to independence]]. The city, which became the capital of the newly formed nation, faced various challenges, particularly from [[Chilean War of Independence|military actions]] in the vicinity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Simon |title=A History of Chile, 1808-2002 |last2=F. Sater |first2=William |date=2004-10-18 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=33}}</ref>

Although institutions like the [[Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera|Instituto Nacional]] and the [[National Library of Chile|National Library]] were established during the [[Old Fatherland|Patria Vieja]], they were shut down after the patriots’ defeat at the [[Battle of Rancagua]] in 1814.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Reconquest (Chile)|royal government]] continued until 1817, when the [[Army of the Andes]] emerged victorious at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]] and restored the patriot government in Santiago. However, independence was still uncertain. The Spanish army achieved further victories in 1818 and advanced toward Santiago, but their progress was finally halted at the [[Battle of Maipú]] on April 5, 1818, on the Maipo River plains.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Tertulia por Claudio Gay.jpg|thumb|Painting of 1840 by [[Claude Gay]] depicting a [[tertulia]] of Santiago neighbors.]]
With the end of the war, [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] was accepted as [[Supreme Director of Chile|Supreme Director]] and, like his father, undertook several important projects for the city. During the [[New Fatherland|Patria Nueva]] era, previously closed institutions were reopened. The [[Santiago General Cemetery|General Cemetery]] was inaugurated, work on the San Carlos Canal was completed, and the drying riverbed in the south arm of the Mapocho River, known as La Cañada, which had been used as a landfill for some time, was transformed into an avenue now known as the [[Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins|Alameda de las Delicias]].

Two earthquakes struck the city in the 19th century: one on November 19, 1822, and another on February 20, 1835. Despite these disasters, the city continued to grow rapidly. In 1820, the population was recorded as 46,000, but by 1854, it had risen to 69,018. By 1865, the census reported 115,337 residents. This significant increase was due to suburban expansion to the south and west of the capital, as well as the growth of the bustling district of La Chimba, which resulted from the division of old properties in the area. This new peripheral development marked the end of the previous checkerboard structure that had dominated the city center.