Editing Samuel de Champlain (section)

==Exploration of New France==
[[File:Baie des Chaleurs 1612.PNG|thumb|upright=1.33|''[[Chaleur Bay]]'' and [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] — extract of Champlain 1612 map]]
[[File:Astrolabe de marin, France, 1603.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Marine astrolabe thought to have belonged to Champlain, made in France in 1603, and found in Ontario in 1867.]]
On 29 March 1613, arriving back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be [[proclamation|proclaimed]]. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably [[Hudson Bay]]). He travelled the [[Ottawa River]], later giving the first description of this area.<ref group=Note>In 1953, a rock was found at a location now known as the [[Storyland (Ontario)|Champlain lookout]], which bore the inscription "Champlain juin 2, 1613". What about this finding?</ref> Along the way, he apparently dropped or left behind a cache of silver cups, copper kettles, and a brass astrolabe dated 1603 [https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/vmnf/champlain/expl5_en.shtml (Champlain's Astrolabe)], which was later found August 1867 by a farm boy named Edward Lee near [[Cobden, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brebner |first1=John Bartlett |title=The Explorers of North America, 1492–1806 |date=1966 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |location=Cleveland, Ohio |page=135}}</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1195103624004166 A Problum of Providence]</ref> However, Champlain's ownership of the astrolabe has been questioned by modern scholars.<ref> https://dwhauthor.wordpress.com/2018/02/20/the-mystery-of-champlains-astrolabe/ </ref>It was in June that he met with [[Tessouat]], the Algonquin chief of [[L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, Quebec|Allumettes Island]], and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.<ref name="map" />

By 26 August, Champlain was back in [[Saint-Malo]]. There, he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his ''Voyages''<ref>[[#Champlain1613|Champlain (1613)]]</ref> and published another map of New France. In 1614, he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four [[Recollects]] in order to further religious life in the new colony. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] was eventually given ''[[Seigneurial system of New France|en seigneurie]]'' large and valuable tracts of land, estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the [[King of France|French Crown]] in New France.<ref name="roydalton">[[#Dalton|Dalton (1968)]]</ref>

In 1615, Champlain reunited with [[Étienne Brûlé]], his capable interpreter, following separate four-year explorations. There, Brûlé reported North American explorations, including that he had been joined by another French interpreter named Grenolle with whom he had travelled along the north shore of ''la mer douce'' (the calm sea), now known as [[Lake Huron]], to the great rapids of [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]], where [[Lake Superior]] enters Lake Huron, some of which was recorded by Champlain.<ref name=Butterfield>{{cite book |last=Butterfield |first=Consul Willshire |date=1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbruls00buttuoft |title=History of Brulé's Discoveries and Explorations, 1610–1626 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbruls00buttuoft/page/n72 49]–51 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=Helman-Taylor }}(online: [https://archive.org/details/cihm_00368 archive.org], [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gcfr&fileName=0015//gcfr0015.db&recNum=4 Library of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003164607/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gcfr&fileName=0015//gcfr0015.db&recNum=4 |date=2018-10-03 }})</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Explorers Étienne Brûlé 1615-1621 |url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/etienne-brule-1615-1621/ |website=Virtual Museum of New France |publisher=Canadian Museum of History |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324211021/https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/etienne-brule-1615-1621/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives, promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides, he explored further up the [[Ottawa River]] and reached [[Lake Nipissing]]. He then followed the [[French River (Ontario)|French River]] until he reached [[Lake Huron]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/samuel-de-champlain|title=Samuel de Champlain: timeline|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=September 7, 2019|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608225657/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/samuel-de-champlain|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the area that is now [[Peterborough, Ontario]] by a group of Wendat. He used the ancient portage between [[Chemong Lake]] and [[Little Lake (Peterborough)|Little Lake]] (now Chemong Road) and stayed for a short period of time near what is now Bridgenorth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/09/08/a-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column|title=A small man with a big gun|last=Williams|first=Doug|work=Peterborough Examiner|language=en-CA|date=September 8, 2015|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212419/http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/09/08/a-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column|archive-date=February 20, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>