Editing Samara (section)

==Geography==
===Urban layout===
The development of the territory of modern Samara began in the 16th century with the foundation of the Samara fortress. Prior to the founding of the fortress, this area was home to piers for Volga ships. The official date of foundation of the settlement was the decree of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich of 1586. The location of the town was predetermined by several factors: strategic placement in order to ensure security from the raids of nomadic tribes; expansion of the Russian state in the Middle and Lower Volga regions; convenient location in the steppe landscape, at the intersection of the Volga and Samarka rivers.<ref name="str1">Громилина Э. А., Самогоров В. А., Филиппов В. Д. Эволюция архитектурно-планировочной структуры Самары с конца XVIII по начало XXI веков // Innovative Project. — 2017. — Т. 2, № 3. — pp. 6—13.</ref>

The fortress was wooden with 11 towers, surrounded by a rampart and a moat, and occupied 5.2 hectares. Gradually, the population of the fortress increased, and the surrounding territories were developed.<ref name="str1"/> Simultaneously with the fortress in 1586, Boldyrskaya Sloboda arose on the Volga slope, and around 1645, upstream the Volga, Voznesenskaya Sloboda. During the 17th century, the settlements merged into a single whole.<ref name= "str2">Веретенников Д. Б. Генезис компонентов планировочной структуры Самары с 1586 до 90-х годов XX века // Вестник СГАСУ, Градостроительство и Архитектура. — 2015. — № 3 (20), pp. 13—21.</ref>

In 1688, the settlement received the status of a city, which required the development of the first boundary plan. It is known that by the beginning of the 18th century the city stretched in a narrow strip along the Volga slope. From 1703 to 1706, a new earthen, diamond-shaped form was built to the east of the old fortress. The layout was unsystematic, with small blocks of bizarre shapes. Almost the entire territory was occupied by residential buildings and administrative, commercial and military buildings were concentrated only in the fortress. The territories along the banks of the Volga and Samarka were occupied by marinas and barns. By 1717, there were 210 philistine houses and 17 houses of yasak peasants in Samara. The settlement grew slowly due to its border position and by the end of the 18th century it occupied 61.2 hectares of territory, compactly stretching along the banks of the Volga.<ref name="str1"/><ref name="str2"/>

[[image:Samara in 1886.png|left|thumb|200px|Samara city plan in 1886]]
In 1763, Empress Catherine II signed an order "On the making of all cities, their buildings and streets of special plans for each province especially." In the 70s, extensive activities were launched by the “Commission on the Stone Buildings of St. Petersburg and Moscow” to rebuild provincial cities. At the same time, the development of the first master plan for Samara began. In 1764, the settlement changed its administrative status, becoming a settlement. In 1780 it again received the status of a county town. In 1765 and 1772 it was badly damaged by fires. Despite these obstacles, in 1782 Samara received the first master plan with a rectangular grid of streets.
According to the plan, the territory of the city was subject to a complete redevelopment: all buildings were liquidated, with the exception of several churches, houses and a fortress. In 1796, a second reconstruction plan was drawn up, identical to the first. As a result of its implementation, by 1804 the territory of Samara had increased to 70.4 hectares. The basis for the planning of the northern part of the city was a rectangular quarter measuring 130 × 260 m. The southern part of the settlement retained its irregular character.<ref name="str2"/> The main type of building of this period is a low-rise estate. The directions of the streets were determined by the direction of the channel, the so-called Samara break. The city was divided into functional zones: residential areas with trade facilities, administrative and religious buildings. Community centers were located around churches and at the ship's pier. Forges were located on the outskirts of the city. The fortress occupied 3.6 hectares, divided into a residential zone, an administrative zone (offices, a prison, a storehouse), a public one (a court, a thought), a commercial, an industrial one (warehouses, piers, forges, barns).<ref name="str1"/>
In 1804, a new plan for the reconstruction and expansion of Samara was drawn up, following the model of the previous ones. The old buildings in the south of the city were demolished, and a regular layout appeared in its place. In 1839, the plan was almost completely implemented. The territory of Samara has increased by 3.5 times (246.4 ha). The city occupied the entire territory along the watershed of the Volga and Samara rivers, the banks of which were built up with marinas, grain barns, warehouses, and small-scale industries. The Samara fortress was still preserved, but had already lost its significance.<ref name="str2"/>

In 1840, a new development plan was approved, according to which the territory of the city expanded further along the watershed, while maintaining the planning structure.<ref name="str2"/> The new plan reflected the nature of the prevailing wooden buildings (stone houses accounted for only 10% of the total). The size of the quarters remained the same, the city grew at the expense of adjacent agricultural land. As a major trading center, with a railroad, Samara in 1851 received the status of a provincial city. The general plan of 1853 regulated only building within the city limits, however, the settlement began to grow chaotically, numerous industrial facilities appeared: tanneries, oil mills, brick factories and mills. The development of navigation along the Volga led to the fact that piers, warehouses, sawmills and other factories occupied the entire Volga coast of the city. From 1875 to 1877, a private railway to Orenburg was built through Samara, laid along the banks of the Samara River. The residential part of the city was cut off from the banks of the industrial rivers, with the exception of a small section of the Strukovsky Garden, overlooking the Volga. By the end of the 19th century, Samara was a single planning space with a regular plan (with the exception of the Zasamarskaya settlement, which arose no later than the end of the 18th century).<ref name="str2"/>

====1937 General plan – Greater Kuybyshev====
The rapid growth of Kuybyshev required the development of a new master plan "Big Kuibyshev" in 1937, which was designed for the future, until 1956. It provided for a significant expansion of the city, turning it into a major industrial center. The main compositional axes arose along the watershed of the Volga and Samara rivers, and the second axis - Novo-Sadovaya Street. The structure highlights the main urban centers: Samara Square and the area of the Botanical Garden. The existing historical buildings were renovated and redeveloped, old cemeteries and churches were demolished to accommodate new public and cultural facilities.<ref name="str1"/>
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War prevented the full implementation of the plan. In the 1940s, large defense factories were evacuated to Kuibyshev, in connection with which the area of the city during the war and the first post-war years increased by 50%, amounting to 6651.3 hectares by the end of the 40s. Factories and factories were located along the railway, east of the old city, in empty areas. Between them and the old city, new residential areas arose. New construction also unfolded in other immediate outskirts and further in the periphery.<ref name="str2"/>

In 1949, a new general plan of Samara was adopted, according to which the transport system developed (the emergence of new highways), a new industrial and residential area of Bezymyanka was built, new territories were developed, new planning units appeared: microdistricts. The development of the city proceeded at an intensive pace: the Kirovsky district, the village of Kryazh, the mouth of the Dry Samarka were built up. Landscaping work was underway, the reconstruction of squares (Kuibyshev and Chapaev squares), the laying of the TsPKiO. A new urban framework was formed by community centers and main highways connecting remote areas with the historical center.<ref name="str1"/>
However, until the end of the 1950s, the city was a conglomeration of scattered workers' settlements, located around the largest industrial enterprises. In such a system, two centers were key: the Old City (historical merchant) and the new Bezymyanka industrial district (social city). Bezymyanka was connected with the Old Town by a railway line and bus routes. This two-part structure of the city lasted until the end of the 20th century.<ref name="ReferenceA">Самогоров В. А. От рабочих посёлков к социалистическому городу: развитие архитектурно-планировочной структуры Самары-Куйбышева в 1930–1950-е годы // Фундаментальные, поисковые и прикладные исследования Российской Академии архитектуры и строительных наук по научному обеспечению развития архитектуры, градостроительства и строительной отрасли Российской Федерации. – 2019, pp. 397–414.</ref>
In the 1950s, during the construction process, the local architectural school was able to form outstanding architectural ensembles that connected the workers' settlements into a single urban system. These are the buildings of Revolution Square, Kuibyshev, Samarskaya, Chapaev, Agriculture, Kirov, Pobeda Street, Kirov, Metallurgists, Yunykh Pioneers, Kuibyshev, Novo-Sadovaya, Maslennikov, the Soviet Army and the Volga embankment.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Climate===
Samara experiences a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'', borders on ''Dfa''). Samara's humidity levels are higher in the summer than many Russian cities thanks to the [[precipitation]] levels and the close proximity to the Volga. The humidity levels usually range from 29% to 98% humidity over the period of a year. There was a record high of {{convert|+40.4|C|F}} during a [[2010 Russian heat wave|severe heat wave]]. Being far inland, summers are very warm and winters very cold for its latitude among European cities.

{{Weather box
|location=Samara (1991–2020, extremes 1852–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|width = auto
|Jan record high C = 5.2
|Feb record high C = 6.8
|Mar record high C = 18.6
|Apr record high C = 31.1
|May record high C = 35.9
|Jun record high C = 38.4
|Jul record high C = 39.4
|Aug record high C = 40.4
|Sep record high C = 34.0
|Oct record high C = 26.0
|Nov record high C = 14.7
|Dec record high C = 7.3
|year record high C = 40.4
|Jan high C = -6.7
|Feb high C = -5.8
|Mar high C = 0.9
|Apr high C = 12.4
|May high C = 21.4
|Jun high C = 25.3
|Jul high C = 27.3
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 19.0
|Oct high C = 10.3
|Nov high C = 0.7
|Dec high C = -5.2
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = -9.6
|Feb mean C = -9.3
|Mar mean C = -2.9
|Apr mean C = 7.5
|May mean C = 15.6
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 21.9
|Aug mean C = 19.9
|Sep mean C = 13.8
|Oct mean C = 6.5
|Nov mean C = -1.7
|Dec mean C = -7.8
|year mean C = 6.1
|Jan low C = -12.3
|Feb low C = -12.5
|Mar low C = -6.2
|Apr low C = 3.2
|May low C = 10.3
|Jun low C = 14.7
|Jul low C = 16.8
|Aug low C = 15.0
|Sep low C = 9.6
|Oct low C = 3.5
|Nov low C = -3.8
|Dec low C = -10.2
|year low C = 2.3
|Jan record low C = -44.0
|Feb record low C = -36.9
|Mar record low C = -36.1
|Apr record low C = -20.9
|May record low C = -4.9
|Jun record low C = -0.4
|Jul record low C = 6.0
|Aug record low C = 4.1
|Sep record low C = -3.4
|Oct record low C = -15.7
|Nov record low C = -28.1
|Dec record low C = -41.3
|year record low C = -44.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 56
|Feb precipitation mm = 44
|Mar precipitation mm = 42
|Apr precipitation mm = 40
|May precipitation mm = 38
|Jun precipitation mm = 48
|Jul precipitation mm = 47
|Aug precipitation mm = 41
|Sep precipitation mm = 46
|Oct precipitation mm = 49
|Nov precipitation mm = 46
|Dec precipitation mm = 52
|year precipitation mm = 549
|Jan snow depth cm = 37
|Feb snow depth cm = 54
|Mar snow depth cm = 50
|Apr snow depth cm = 7
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 5
|Dec snow depth cm = 19
|year snow depth cm = 54
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 3
|Mar rain days = 5
|Apr rain days = 11
|May rain days = 14
|Jun rain days = 15
|Jul rain days = 14
|Aug rain days = 12
|Sep rain days = 14
|Oct rain days = 14
|Nov rain days = 10
|Dec rain days = 6
|year rain days = 122
|Jan snow days = 24
|Feb snow days = 20
|Mar snow days = 14
|Apr snow days = 4
|May snow days = 1
|Jun snow days = 0.1
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0.3
|Oct snow days = 4
|Nov snow days = 15
|Dec snow days = 22
|year snow days = 104
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 80
|Mar humidity = 79
|Apr humidity = 67
|May humidity = 58
|Jun humidity = 64
|Jul humidity = 67
|Aug humidity = 69
|Sep humidity = 73
|Oct humidity = 76
|Nov humidity = 83
|Dec humidity = 83
|year humidity = 74
|Jan sun = 64
|Feb sun = 102
|Mar sun = 149
|Apr sun = 214
|May sun = 305
|Jun sun = 303
|Jul sun = 310
|Aug sun = 275
|Sep sun = 190
|Oct sun = 108
|Nov sun = 47
|Dec sun = 46
|year sun = 2113
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/28900.htm
| title = Pogoda.ru.net
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA >
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/28900.TXT
| title = Kujbysev/Bezencuk (Samara) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref>
|date=August 2011
}}