Editing Samadhi (section)

=== ''Samma-samādhi'' and ''dhyāna'' (jhāna) ===
{{SamadhiBhavana}}
{{main|Dhyāna in Buddhism}}

''Samma-samadhi'', "right ''samadhi''," is the last of the eight elements of the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].<ref group=web name="access">[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/sacca4/samma-samadhi/ accesstoinsight, '' Right Concentration, samma samadhi'']</ref> When ''samadhi'' is developed, things are understood as they really are.{{sfn|Shankman|2008|p=14, 15}}

''Samma-samadhi'' is explicated as ''dhyana'' (''jhāna'', {{Langx|pi|𑀛𑀸𑀦}}), which is traditionally interpreted as one-pointed concentration. Yet, in the stock formula of ''dhyāna'' ''samādhi'' is only mentioned in the second ''dhyana'', to give way to a state of [[Upekṣā|equanimity]] and [[Sati (Buddhism)|mindfulness]], in which one keeps access to the senses in a mindful way, avoiding primary responses to the sense-impressions.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=63}}{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=140, note 58}}

The origins of the practice of ''dhyāna'' are a matter of dispute.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Wynne|2007}} According to Crangle, the development of meditative practices in ancient India was a complex interplay between Vedic and non-Vedic traditions.{{sfn|Crangle|1994|p=267-274}} According to Bronkhorst, the four ''rūpa jhāna'' may be an original contribution of the Buddha to the religious landscape of India, which formed an alternative to the painful ascetic practices of the Jains, while the ''arūpa jhāna'' were incorporated from non-Buddhist ascetic traditions.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} Alexander Wynne argues that dhyāna was incorporated from Brahmanical practices, in the Nikayas ascribed to Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta. These practices were paired to [[Sati (Buddhism)|mindfulness]] and [[Vipassanā|insight]], and given a new interpretation.{{sfn|Wynne|2007}} Kalupahana also argues that the Buddha "reverted to the meditational practices" he had learned from Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=24}}