Editing Salford (section)

===Industrial Revolution===
[[File:Map of Manchester 1801.PNG|thumb|right|A map of Manchester and Salford in 1801]]
The well-established textile processing and trading infrastructure, and the ready supply of water from the River Irwell and its tributaries, attracted entrepreneurs who built [[cotton mill]]s along the banks of the river in [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]] and [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]]. Although Salford followed a similar pattern of industrial development to Manchester, most businesses preferred to build their premises on the Manchester side of the Irwell, and consequently Salford did not develop as a commercial centre in the same way as its neighbour.<ref name="McNev42"/> Many of these earlier mills had been based on [[Richard Arkwright|Arkwright]]-type designs. These relied on strong falls of water, but Salford is on a meander of the Irwell with only a slight gradient and thus mills tended to be built upstream, at Kersal and Pendleton. However, with the introduction of the [[steam engine]] in the late 18th century, merchants began to construct mills closer to the centres of Salford and Manchester, where supplies of labour and coal were more readily available (the first steam-powered mill was built in Manchester in 1780). One of the first factories to be built was Philip's and Lee's Twist Mill in Salford,<ref name="McNev42"/> completed in 1801, the second iron-framed multi-story building to be erected in Britain.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Skempton |first1=A. W.|last2=Chrimes |first2=M.|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500 to 1830|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2002|volume=1|page=400|isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeOMfpYMOtYC&q=Salford+twist+mill&pg=PA401|access-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> The large Salford Engine Twist Company mill was built to the west of Salford, between Chapel Street and the Irwell, and in 1806 was the first large cotton mill to use gas lighting. Many engineering companies were established in this area, including [[Samuel Ellis and Company]] at the Irwell Foundry.<ref name=Eade2013>{{eade |name=below}}</ref> However, it was outnumbered by the numerous smaller factories and mills throughout the area, including Nathan Gough's steam-driven mule spinning mill, near Oldfield Road, where a serious accident occurred on 13 October 1824 (see illustration).<ref>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1975|pp=25–28, p. 35}}.</ref>

[[File:Nathan Goughs steam driven mule spinning mill in Salford.jpg|left|thumb|A woodcut illustrating a serious incident at Nathan Gough's spinning mill in Salford, 1824]]
[[File:Earliest known photograph of salford.jpg|left|thumb|The earliest known photograph of Salford, taken at the end of the [[Crimean War]] in May 1856]]
Canal building provided a further stimulus for Salford's industrial development. The opening of the [[Bridgewater Canal]] in 1761 improved the transport of fuel and raw materials, reducing the price of coal by about 50%.<ref name=Bridgewatercollieries>{{Citation |title=The Times newspaper: Bridgewater Collieries | url=http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?toDate=31%20December%201985&fromDate=1%20January%201785&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=10&sortBy=default&offset=0&viewName=&addFilters=&removeFilters=&addCat=&queryKeywords=bridgewater+canal&sectionId=1040&currPgSmartSet=1&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1913-12-01-08&articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1913-12-01-08-001&xmlpath=&pubId=17&totalResults=1638&addRefineFilters=&removeRefineFilters=&addRefineCat=&next_Page=false&prev_Page=false&date_dd_From=1&date_mm_From=01&date_yyyy_From=1785&date_dd_to_range=31&date_mm_to_range=12&date_yyyy_to_range=1985&date_dd_from_precise=1&date_mm_from_precise=01&date_yyyy_from_precise=1785&isDateSearch=false&dateSearchType=range&refineQuerykeywordText= |date=1 December 1913 |access-date=19 July 2008 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> The later [[Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal]] (which terminated at Salford) brought more cheap coal from pits at Pendleton, [[Agecroft Colliery]] and beyond. By 1818 Manchester, Salford and [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]] had about 80&nbsp;mills, but it was the completion of the [[Manchester Ship Canal]] in 1894 which triggered Salford's development as a major [[inland port]].<ref name="McNev42"/> [[Salford Docks]], a major [[Dock (maritime)|dockland]] on the Ship Canal {{convert|35|mi|km|0}} east of the [[Irish Sea]], brought employment to over 3,000&nbsp;labourers.<ref name="McNev46">{{Harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|pp=46–47}}.</ref> By 1914 the [[Port of Manchester]], most of whose docks were in Salford, had become one of the largest port authorities in the world, handling 5% of the UK's imports and 4.4% of its exports. Commodities handled included cotton, grain, wool, textile machinery and steam locomotives.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|pp=101–103}}.</ref>

For centuries, textiles and related trades were the main source of employment in the town.<ref name="Cooper31"/> Bleaching was a widely distributed finishing trade in Salford, carried over from the earlier woollen industry. In the 18th century, before the introduction of chemical bleaching, bleaching fields were commonplace, some very close to the town. In 1773 there were 25&nbsp;bleachers around Salford, most to the west of the township. Printing was another source of trade; the earliest recorded in the region was a calique printer in the Manchester Parish Register of 1763.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1975|pp=23–25}}.</ref> These industries became more important as Salford faced increasing competition from the nearby towns of [[Bolton]] and [[Oldham]]. As its [[Spinning (textiles)|cotton spinning]] industries faltered its economy turned increasingly to other textiles and to the finishing trades, including [[rexine]] and silk dyeing, and fulling and bleaching, at a string of works in Salford.<ref name="McNev42"/>

[[File:Manchester Dock No 9.jpg|thumb|right|The opening of the [[Salford Docks]] turned Salford into a major [[inland port]] along the ocean-going [[Manchester Ship Canal]]. This site is now occupied by [[The Lowry]].]]
Both [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] spent time in Salford, studying the plight of the British working class. In ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'', Engels described Salford as "really one large working-class quarter&nbsp;... [a] very unhealthy, dirty and dilapidated district which, while other industries were almost always textile related is situated opposite the 'Old Church' of Manchester".<ref name="Engels74">{{Harvnb|Engels|1958|p=74}}</ref>

The effect on Salford of the Industrial Revolution has been described as "phenomenal". The area expanded from a small market town into a major industrial [[metropolis]]; factories replaced cottage industries, and the population rose from&nbsp;12,000 in 1812 to 70,244&nbsp;within 30&nbsp;years. By the end of the 19th century it had increased to&nbsp;220,000. Large-scale building of low quality [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[terraced housing]] did not stop overcrowding, which itself led to chronic social deprivation. The density of housing was as high as 80&nbsp;homes per acre.<ref name="History of Salford"/><ref name="Cooper35">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=35}}.</ref> Private roads were built for the use of the middle classes moving to the outskirts of Salford. The entrances to such roads, which included Elleray Road in [[Irlams o' th' Height]], were often gated, and patrolled.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hayes|2003|p=25}}.</ref>

====Inventions====
Salford is credited as the birthplace of the [[roller chain|Bush Roller Chain]]. [[Hans Renold]], a Swiss-born engineer, came to Salford in the late 19th century. In 1879 he purchased a small textile-chain making business in Ordsall from James Slater and founded the [[Hans Renold Company]], what is now Renold, a firm which still produces chains. Renold invented the bush roller chain shortly after and began producing it. It is the type of chain most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorbikes, to industrial and [[agricultural machinery]] to uses as varied as rollercoasters and [[escalator]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Day|McNeil|1996|p=596}}.</ref>