Editing Russia (section)

=== Tsardom of Russia ===
{{Main|Tsardom of Russia}}
{{See also|Moscow, third Rome}}
[[File:Ivan grozny frame.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Ivan IV]] was the [[Grand Prince of Moscow]] from 1533 to 1547, then [[Tsar of Russia]] until his death in 1584.]]
In development of the [[Moscow, third Rome|Third Rome]] ideas, the grand prince [[Ivan&nbsp;IV]] ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first [[Tsardom of Russia|''tsar'']] of Russia in 1547. The tsar [[Promulgation|promulgated]] a new code of laws ([[Sudebnik of 1550]]), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the [[Zemsky Sobor]]), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]] and [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan]] along the [[Volga]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perrie |first=Maureen |title=The Popular Image of Ivan the Terrible |jstor=4207642 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=56 |number=2 |date=April 1978 |pages=275–286 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> and the [[Khanate of Sibir]] in southwestern Siberia. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skrynnikov |first=R. G. |title=Ermak's Siberian Expedition |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=1–39 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |jstor=24655823 |year=1986|doi=10.1163/187633186X00016 }}</ref> However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful [[Livonian War]] against the coalition of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] (later the united [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]), the [[History of Sweden (1523–1611)|Kingdom of Sweden]], and [[Denmark–Norway]] for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Filyushkin |first=Alexander |title=Livonian War in the Context of the European Wars of the 16th Century: Conquest, Borders, Geopolitics |year=2016 |pages=1–21 |volume=43 |number=1 |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/18763316-04301004 |jstor=44647035}}</ref> In 1572, an invading army of [[Crimean Tatars]] were [[Russo-Crimean Wars|thoroughly defeated]] in the crucial [[Battle of Molodi]].<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |last=Skrynnikov |first=R. G. |title=Reign of Terror: Ivan IV |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-004-30401-7 |pages=417–421}}</ref>
[[File:Fedor chertezh.jpeg|thumb|left|Feodor Godunov's map of Russia, as published by [[Hessel Gerritsz]] in 1614]]
The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient [[Rurik dynasty]] in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous [[Russian famine of 1601–03|famine of 1601–1603]], led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the [[Time of Troubles]] in the early 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dunning |first=Chester |title=Crisis, Conjuncture, and the Causes of the Time of Troubles |jstor=41036998 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |year=1995 |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |volume=19 |pages=97–119}}</ref> The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wójcik |first=Zbigniew |title=Russian Endeavors for the Polish Crown in the Seventeenth Century |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |jstor=2496635 |doi=10.2307/2496635 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=41 |number=1 |year=1982 |pages=59–72|s2cid=164176163 }}</ref> In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant [[Kuzma Minin]] and prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogolitsyna |first1=Anna |last2=Pichler |first2=Bernhard |last3=Vendl |first3=Alfred |last4=Mikhailov |first4=Alexander |last5=Sizov |first5=Boris |title=Investigation of the Brass Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Red Square, Moscow |journal=Studies in Conservation |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2009 |volume=54 |number=1 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1179/sic.2009.54.1.12 |jstor=27867061 |s2cid=138066784}}</ref> The [[Romanov dynasty]] acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orchard |first=G. Edward |title=The Election of Michael Romanov |jstor=4210028 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=67 |number=3 |date=July 1989 |pages=378–402}}</ref>

Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the [[Cossacks]].<ref name="Siberia">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/exploration/russian-discovery-of-siberia/ |title=The Russian Discovery of Siberia |year=2000 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122944/https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/exploration/russian-discovery-of-siberia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, [[Alexis of Russia|Alexis]], whose acceptance of this offer led to another [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]]. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the [[Dnieper]], leaving the eastern part, ([[Left-bank Ukraine]] and [[Kiev]]) under Russian rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frost |first=Robert I. |title=The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558–1721 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-58206-429-4 |page=13}}</ref> In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. [[List of Russian explorers|Russian explorers]] pushed eastward primarily along the [[Siberian River Routes]], and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], along the [[Amur River]], and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Siberia"/> In 1648, [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] became the first European to navigate through the [[Bering Strait]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Oliver |first=James A. |title=The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier between East and West |year=2006 |publisher=Information Architects |pages=36–37 |isbn=978-0-9546995-8-1}}</ref>