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===Etymology=== The group of words with the root "Roman" in the various European languages, such as "romance" and "Romanesque", has a complicated history. By the 18th century, European languages—notably German, French and Slavic languages—were using the term "Roman" in the sense of the English word "[[novel]]", i.e. a work of popular narrative fiction.<ref name="Schellinger2014">{{cite book|last=Schellinger|first=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of the Novel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPdRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA942|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-91826-2|page=942|chapter=Novel and Romance: Etymologies}}</ref> This usage derived from the term [[Romance languages#Name|"Romance languages"]], which referred to [[vernacular]] (or popular) language in contrast to formal [[Latin]].<ref name="Schellinger2014"/> Most such novels took the form of "[[chivalric romance]]", tales of adventure, devotion and honour.<ref name="Saul2009">{{cite book|last=Saul|first=Nicholas|title=The Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vy5AAw9ODMgC&pg=PA1|date=9 July 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84891-6|pages=1–}}</ref> The founders of Romanticism, critics (and brothers) [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]] and [[Friedrich Schlegel]], began to speak of ''romantische Poesie'' ("romantic poetry") in the 1790s, contrasting it with "classic" but in terms of spirit rather than merely dating. Friedrich Schlegel wrote in his 1800 essay ''Gespräch über die Poesie'' ("Dialogue on Poetry"): :I seek and find the romantic among the older moderns, in Shakespeare, in Cervantes, in Italian poetry, in that age of chivalry, love and fable, from which the phenomenon and the word itself are derived.<ref>Ferber, 6–7</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Athenaeum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGgyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122|year=1800|publisher=Bey F. Vieweg dem Älteren|page=122|quote=Ich habe ein bestimmtes Merkmahl des Gegensatzes zwischen dem Antiken und dem Romantischen aufgestellt. Indessen bitte ich Sie doch, nun nicht sogleich anzunehmen, daß mir das Romantische und das Moderne völlig gleich gelte. Ich denke es ist etwa ebenso verschieden, wie die Gemählde des Raphael und Correggio von den Kupferstichen die jetzt Mode sind. Wollen Sie sich den Unterschied völlig klar machen, so lesen Sie gefälligst etwa die Emilia Galotti die so unaussprechlich modern und doch im geringsten nicht romantisch ist, und erinnern sich dann an Shakspeare, in den ich das eigentliche Zentrum, den Kern der romantischen Fantasie setzen möchte. Da suche und finde ich das Romantische, bey den ältern Modernen, bey Shakspeare, Cervantes, in der italiänischen Poesie, in jenem Zeitalter der Ritter, der Liebe und der Mährchen, aus welchem die Sache und das Wort selbst herstammt. Dieses ist bis jetzt das einzige, was einen Gegensatz zu den classischen Dichtungen des Alterthums abgeben kann; nur diese ewig frischen Blüthen der Fantasie sind würdig die alten Götterbilder zu umkränzen. Und gewiß ist es, daß alles Vorzüglichste der modernen Poesie dem Geist und selbst der Art nach dahinneigt; es müßte denn eine Rückkehr zum Antiken seyn sollen. Wie unsre Dichtkunst mit dem Roman, so fing die der Griechen mit dem Epos an und löste sich wieder darin auf.}}</ref> The modern sense of the term spread more widely in France by its persistent use by [[Germaine de Staël]] in her ''[[De l'Allemagne]]'' (1813), recounting her travels in Germany.<ref name="Ferber, 7">Ferber, 7</ref> In England Wordsworth wrote in a preface to his poems of 1815 of the "romantic harp" and "classic lyre",<ref name="Ferber, 7"/> but in 1820 [[Lord Byron|Byron]] could still write, perhaps slightly disingenuously, :I perceive that in Germany, as well as in Italy, there is a great struggle about what they call 'Classical' and 'Romantic', terms which were not subjects of classification in England, at least when I left it four or five years ago.<ref>Christiansen, 241.</ref> It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, and in 1824 the [[Académie française]] took the wholly ineffective step of issuing a decree condemning it in literature.<ref>Christiansen, 242.</ref>
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