Editing Roman conquest of Britain (section)

==AD&nbsp;60–78==
Following the successful [[Battle of Watling Street|suppression]] of [[Boudica]]'s uprising in 60 or 61, new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north.
{{See|Boudican revolt}}

===Conquests to the North===

The [[casus belli]] presented itself in 69 when [[Cartimandua]] queen of the Brigantes<ref>Tacitus, ''Histories'', 3.45, Rome.</ref> following a rebellion by her husband [[Venutius]] was forced to ask the Romans for aid, who evacuated her leaving Venutius in power. About Venutius one speculation is that he might have been a [[Carvetii|Carvetian]] and may therefore have been responsible for the incorporation of Cumbria into a Brigantian federation whose territory straddled Britain along the [[Solway Firth|Solway]]-[[River Tyne|Tyne]] line; furthermore Cartimandua may have ruled the Brigantian peoples east of the Pennines (possibly with a centre at [[Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications|Stanwick]], Yorkshire), while Venutius was the chief of the Brigantes west of the Pennines (or Carvetii), in Cumbria (with a possible centre based at [[Clifton Dykes]]).<ref name="Shotter2004">{{Cite book |last=Shotter |first=David C. A. |title=Romans and Britons in North-West England |date=2004 |publisher=Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster |isbn=978-1-86220-152-1 |edition=3 |series=Occasional paper / Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster}}</ref>{{rp|16–17}}
In any case Tacitus says that in 71 Cerialis (governor AD&nbsp;71–74) waged a successful war against the [[Brigantes]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Tacitus ''Agricola''|loc=17}}</ref> He praises both Cerialis and his successor, [[Sextus Julius Frontinus|Julius Frontinus]] (governor 75–78).

Much of the conquest of the north may have been achieved under the governorships of [[Vettius Bolanus]] (governor AD 69–71), and of [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shotter |first=D. C. A. |date=September 2000 |title=Petillius Cerialis in Northern Britain |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/007817200790177879 |journal=Northern History |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=189–198 |doi=10.1179/007817200790177879 |issn=0078-172X}}</ref> From other sources it seems that Bolanus had possibly dealt with Venutius and penetrated into Scotland, and evidence from the carbon-dating of the gateway timbers of the Roman fort at Carlisle ([[Luguvalium]]) suggests that they were felled in AD 72, during the governorship of Cerialis.<ref name="Shotter2004" />{{rp|28–35}} Lead ingots from [[Deva Victrix]], the Roman fortress at [[Chester]], indicate that construction there was probably under way by AD 74.<ref>Mason, David J. P. (2002a). "The Foundation of the Legionary Fortress: The Flavians and Imperial Symbolism". In Carrington, Peter (ed.). Deva Victrix: Roman Chester Re-assessed. Chester: Chester Archaeological Society. pp. 33–52. {{ISBN|0-9507074-9-X}}. p.33</ref> 

Nevertheless, [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] played his part in the west as commander of the legion XX [[Valeria Victrix]] (71–73), while Cerialis led the [[IX Hispania]] in the east. In addition, the [[Legio II Adiutrix]] sailed from Chester up river estuaries to surprise the enemy. The western thrust was started from [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], where there is evidence of a Cerialian foundation, and followed the line of the Lune and Eden river valleys through Low Borrow Bridge and [[Brougham, Cumbria|Brougham]] ([[Brocavum]]). On the Cumbrian coast, [[Ravenglass]] and [[Blennerhasset]] were probably involved from evidence of one of the earliest Roman occupations in Cumbria. [[Beckfoot]] and [[Maryport]] may also have featured early on.<ref>Caruana (1997), pp. 1-168, 40-51.</ref> At some point between 72 and 73, part of Cerialis's force moved across the Stainmore Pass from Corbridge westwards to join Agricola, as evidenced by campaign camps (which may have been previously set up by Bolanus) at [[Rey Cross]], Crackenthorpe, [[Kirkby Thore]] and Plumpton Head. Signal- or watch-towers are also in evidence across the Stainmore area: Maiden Castle, Bowes Moor and Roper Castle, for example.<ref name="Shotter2004" />{{rp|29-36}} The two forces then moved up from the vicinity of Penrith to Carlisle, establishing the fort there in AD&nbsp;72–73.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shotter |first=David |title=North-West England from the Romans to the Tudors: essays in memory of John Macnair Todd |date=30 June 2014 |publisher=Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society |isbn=9781873124659 |editor-last=Stringer |editor-first=Keith J. |pages=1–28 |chapter=Roman Cumbria: Rome's "wild west"?}}</ref>

===Frontinus===
[[Frontinus]] (who was sent into Roman Britain in 74 to succeed Cerialis as [[Roman governors of Britain|governor]]) returned to the conquest of Wales interrupted years before and with steady and successful progress finally subdued the [[Silures]] (around 76) and other hostile tribes, establishing a new base at [[Caerleon]] for [[Legio II Augusta|Legio II ''Augusta'']] ([[Isca Augusta]]) in 75 and a network of smaller forts {{convert|15–20|km|mi|0|adj=ri0}} apart for his auxiliary units. During his tenure, he probably established the fort at [[Pumsaint]] in west Wales, largely to exploit the gold deposits at [[Dolaucothi]]. He left the post in 78, and was later appointed water commissioner in Rome.