Editing Roger Penrose (section)

=== Awards and honours ===
[[File:RogerPenrose CapturingInfinity cropped.jpg|thumb|Penrose during a lecture]]
Penrose has been awarded many prizes for his contributions to science.
In 1971, he was awarded the [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics]] by the [[American Astronomical Society]] and [[American Institute of Physics]]. He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1972|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1972]]. In 1975, [[Stephen Hawking]] and Penrose were jointly awarded the [[Eddington Medal]] of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]. In 1985, he was awarded the [[Royal Society]] [[Royal Medal]]. Along with Stephen Hawking, he was awarded the prestigious [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] by the [[Wolf Foundation]] (Israel) in 1988.

In 1989, Penrose was awarded the [[Dirac Medal (IOP)|Dirac Medal and Prize]] of the British [[Institute of Physics]]. He was also made an [[Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics]] (HonFInstP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.iop.org/about/awards/honorary-fellowship/our-honorary-fellows |publisher=[[Institute of Physics]] |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> In 1990, Penrose was awarded the [[Albert Einstein Medal]] for outstanding work related to the work of [[Albert Einstein]] by the [[Albert Einstein Society]] (Switzerland). In 1991, he was awarded the [[Naylor Prize]] of the [[London Mathematical Society]]. Penrose was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] degree (DSc) from the [[University of New Brunswick]] (Canada) in 1992,<ref>[https://graduations.lib.unb.ca/award/17499 1992 Fredericton Convocation: Penrose, Roger], website of the [[University of New Brunswick]].</ref> and an honorary degree from the [[University of Surrey]] in 1993.<ref>[https://www.surrey.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-graduates Honorary graduates], website of the [[University of Surrey]].</ref> From 1992 to 1995, he served as President of the [http://www.isgrg.org/ International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation]. 

In 1994, Penrose was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] for services to science.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement 53696,10 June 1994, London Gazette|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53696/supplement/2|website=The Gazette|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429222205/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53696/supplement/2|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, he was also awarded an honorary degree of [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc) by the [[University of Bath]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/ |title= Honorary Graduates 1989 to present |publisher= [[University of Bath]] |access-date= 18 February 2012 |archive-date= 19 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151219000643/http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> and became a member of [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]. Penrose was awarded honorary degrees from the [[University of London]] in 1995,<ref name="ae">[https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Penrose_Roger Professor Sir Roger Penrose OM FRS], website of the [[Academia Europaea]].</ref> the [[University of Glasgow]] ([[Doctor of Science]], DSc)<ref>[https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_61834_smxx.pdf Who, Where and When: The History & Constitution of the University of Glasgow], website of [[The University of Glasgow]].</ref> and [[University of Essex]], both in 1996,<ref>[https://www.essex.ac.uk/alumni/honorary/honorary-graduates Honorary graduates over the years], website of the [[University of Essex]].</ref> from the [[University of St Andrews]] in 1997,<ref name="ae" /> and the [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati University of Santiniketan]] (India)<ref name="ae" /> and [[Open University]] ([[Doctor of the University]], DUniv),<ref>[https://www5.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/sites/www.open.ac.uk.students.ceremonies/files/Honorary%20graduate%20cumulative%20list(1).pdf Honorary graduate cumulative] website of [[Open University]]</ref> both in 1998. In 1998, he was elected Foreign Associate of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Roger Penrose {{!}} Person|url=https://www.fetzer-franklin-fund.org/media/sir-roger-penrose/|access-date=7 October 2020|website=Fetzer Franklin Fund|language=de-DE|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924081714/https://www.fetzer-franklin-fund.org/media/sir-roger-penrose/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2000, he was appointed a [[Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Appointments to the Order of Merit|newspaper=The Royal Family |date=January 2012|url=https://www.royal.uk/appointments-order-merit|access-date=25 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929015241/https://www.royal.uk/appointments-order-merit|url-status=live|last1=Fisher |first1=Connie }}</ref> He was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Southampton]] in 2002.<ref>[https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2020/11/roger-penrose-nobel-prize.page Nobel Prize winner Sir Roger Penrose congratulated by Southampton academics], website of the [[University of Southampton]].</ref>

In 2004, Penrose was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc) degree from the [[University of Waterloo]] ([[Ontario, Canada]])<ref>[https://bulletin.uwaterloo.ca/2004/sep/21tu.html DAily bulletin September 21, 2004], website of the [[University of Waterloo]].</ref><ref>[https://uwaterloo.ca/secretariat/honorary-degrees-granted Honorary degrees granted], website of the [[University of Waterloo]].</ref> and was awarded the [[De Morgan Medal]] by the [[London Mathematical Society]] for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=8 August 2018|title=Roger Penrose|language=EN|doi=10.1063/PT.6.6.20180808a|journal=Physics Today|issue=8 |page=4433 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018PhT..2018h4433. }}</ref> To quote the citation from the society:
{{blockquote|His deep work on General Relativity has been a major factor in our understanding of black holes. His development of [[Twistor Theory]] has produced a beautiful and productive approach to the classical equations of mathematical physics. His tilings of the plane underlie the newly discovered quasi-crystals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231232542/http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html|title=London Mathematical Society|archive-date=31 December 2004}}</ref>}}

In 2005, Penrose received a [[Doctorate Honoris Causa]] (Dr.h.c.) from each the [[Warsaw University]] (Poland)<ref>[https://www.fuw.edu.pl/~amt/laudatioe.pdf Laudatio by Andrzej Trautman to Roger_Penrose], website of the Faculty of Physics of [[Warsaw University]].</ref> and the [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]] (Belgium),<ref>[https://nieuws.kuleuven.be/nl/2012_en_vroeger/0405/07/eredoctor-sir-roger-penrose Eredoctor Sir Roger Penrose], website of [[KU Leuven]].</ref> and an honorary [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) degree from the [[Athens University of Economics and Business]] (Greece).<ref>[https://www.aueb.gr/en/content/honorary-doctors-philosophy-aueb Honorary Doctors of Philosophy at AUEB], website from [[Athens University of Economics and Business]].</ref> In 2006, he was conferred the honorary degree of [[Doctor of the University]] (DUniv) by the [[University of York]]<ref>[https://www.york.ac.uk/media/mathematics/honorarydrpresentations/Professor%20Sir%20Roger%20Penrose%20Presentation.pdf Presentation address] by Dr Bernard Kay to Professor Sir Roger Penrose</ref> and also won the [[Dirac Medal (UNSW)|Dirac Medal]] given by the [[University of New South Wales]] (Australia). In 2008, Penrose was awarded the [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society. He is also a Distinguished Supporter of [[Humanists UK]] and one of the patrons of the [[Oxford University Scientific Society]].

He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Roger+Penrose&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-02|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185556/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Roger+Penrose&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, he was also awarded the [[Fonseca Prize]] by the [[University of Santiago de Compostela]] (Spain).

In 2012, Penrose was awarded the Richard R. Ernst Medal by [[ETH Zürich]] (Switzerland) for his contributions to science and strengthening the connection between science and society. In that year, he was also awarded the honorary degree of [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc) by the [[Trinity College Dublin]] (Ireland)<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/honorary-degrees/2011-12/ Registrar: Honorary Degrees 2011-2012], website by the [[Trinity College Dublin]].</ref> as well a honorary doctorate degree by the [[Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute]] (Ukraine).<ref>[https://kpi.ua/en/penrose-photo Sir Roger Penrose, one of the greatest scientists of our times, visited NTUU "KPI"], website of [[Kyiv Polytechnic Institute]].</ref>

In 2015, Penrose was awarded a [[Doctorate Honoris Causa]] (Dr.h.c.) by [[CINVESTAV]] (Mexico).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roger Penrose Doctor Honoris Causa por el Cinvestav|url=http://micrositios.cinvestav.mx/avance/Publicaciones/ArtMID/4126/ArticleID/36/Roger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav|access-date=6 October 2020|website=cinvestav.mx|language=es-MX|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185555/http://micrositios.cinvestav.mx/avance/Publicaciones/ArtMID/4126/ArticleID/36/Roger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he was awarded the Commandino Medal at the [[Urbino University]] (Italy) for his contributions to the history of science. In that year as well, he was awarded an [[honorary Doctor of Science]] degree (DSc) by the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref>[https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/school-of-mathematics/news?nid=712 Sir Roger Penrose : Honorary Degree, Whittaker Colloquium and seminar], website of the [[University of Edinburgh]].</ref> In 2018, Penrose received an honorary degree from [[King's College London]].<ref>[https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/professor-sir-roger-penrose-recognised-at-kings-honorary-degree-ceremony-1 Professor Sir Roger Penrose recognised at King's Honorary Degree Ceremony], website of [[King's College London]].</ref>

In 2020, Penrose was awarded one half of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity, a half-share also going to [[Reinhard Genzel]] and [[Andrea Ghez]] for the discovery of a [[Galactic Center#Supermassive black hole|supermassive compact object]] at the [[centre of our galaxy]].<ref name="Nobel Prize 2020"/> In the same year, he was also awarded the honorary degree of [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc) by the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>[https://www.staff.admin.cam.ac.uk/features/nominations-for-honorary-degrees-2020 Nominations for honorary degrees 2020], website of the [[University of Cambridge]].</ref><ref>[https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-confers-honorary-degrees Cambridge confers honorary degrees], website of the [[University of Cambridge]].</ref>

In 2025, Penrose received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>