Editing Richard Strauss (section)

====''Reichsmusikkammer''====
In March 1933, when Strauss was 68, [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Adolph Hitler rose to power]]. Strauss never joined the [[Nazi Party]], and studiously avoided [[Nazi salute|Nazi forms of greeting]]. For reasons of expediency, however, he was initially drawn into cooperating with the early Nazi regime in the hope that Hitler—an ardent Wagnerian and music lover who had admired Strauss's work since viewing ''Salome'' in 1907—would promote German art and culture. Strauss's need to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law and Jewish grandchildren also motivated his behavior,<ref name="g1" /> in addition to his determination to preserve and conduct the music of banned composers such as [[Gustav Mahler]] and [[Claude Debussy]].

In 1933, Strauss wrote in his private notebook:
<blockquote>I consider the [[Julius Streicher|Streicher]]–Goebbels Jew-baiting as a disgrace to German honour, as evidence of incompetence—the basest weapon of untalented, lazy mediocrity against a higher intelligence and greater talent.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=274}}</blockquote>

Meanwhile, far from being an admirer of Strauss's work, [[Joseph Goebbels]] maintained expedient cordiality with Strauss only for a period. Goebbels wrote in his diary:
<blockquote>Unfortunately we still need him, but one day we shall have our own music and then we shall have no further need of this decadent neurotic.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=293}}</blockquote>

[[File:Richard Strauss-TIME-1927.jpg|thumb|upright|Strauss on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' in 1927; he was also on the magazine's cover in 1938.]]
Nevertheless, because of Strauss's international eminence, in November 1933 he was appointed to the post of president of the newly founded ''[[Reichsmusikkammer]]'', the Reich Music Chamber. Strauss, who had lived through numerous political regimes and had no interest in politics, decided to accept the position but to remain apolitical, a decision which would eventually become untenable. He wrote to his family, "I made music under [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|the Kaiser]], and under [[Friedrich Ebert|Ebert]]. I'll survive under this one as well."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Kennedy (music critic) |title=Richard Strauss |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=88 |isbn=978-0-19-816481-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyYIAQAAMAAJ&q=%22I+made+music+under+the+Kaiser,+and+under+Ebert.+I%27ll+survive+under+this+one+as+well.%22}}</ref> He later wrote in his journal:
<blockquote>In November 1933, the minister Goebbels nominated me president of the ''Reichsmusikkammer'' without obtaining my prior agreement. I was not consulted. I accepted this honorary office because I hoped that I would be able to do some good and prevent worse misfortunes, if from now onwards German musical life were going to be, as it was said, "reorganized" by amateurs and ignorant place-seekers.<ref>[[Bill McGlaughlin|McGlaughlin, Bill]].  [https://www.wfmt.com/programs/exploring-music/ "Richard Strauss"], ''[[Exploring Music]]'' (2004) on the [[WFMT]] Radio Network; episode 5 of 5, first aired 9 January 2004. Quoted at 01:35 of episode "Friday, July 14, 2024". {{Retrieved|access-date=16 June 2024}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614075617/https://www.wfmt.com/programs/exploring-music/ |date=14 June 2024 |nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashley |first1=Tim |title=Richard Strauss |date=1999 |publisher=[[Phaidon Press]] |isbn=9780714837949 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksIZAQAAIAAJ |quote=Strauss was nominated president of the music section, the Reichsmusikkammer. 'I was not consulted', he later wrote. 'I accepted this honorary office because I hoped that I would be able to do some good and prevent worse misfortunes, if from now onwards German musical life were going to be, as it was said, "reorganized" by amateurs and ignorant place-seekers.'}}</ref></blockquote>

Strauss privately scorned Goebbels and called him "a pipsqueak".{{sfn|Reuth|1993|p=402}} However, in 1933 he dedicated an orchestral song, "''Das Bächlein''" ("The Little Brook"), to Goebbels, to gain his cooperation in extending German music copyright laws from 30 years to 50 years.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|pp=281–282}} Also in 1933, he replaced [[Arturo Toscanini]] as director of the Bayreuth Festival after Toscanini had resigned in protest against the Nazi regime.<ref name="g1"/>

Strauss attempted to ignore Nazi bans on performances of works by Debussy, Mahler, and Mendelssohn. He also continued to work on a comic opera, ''Die schweigsame Frau'', with his Jewish friend and librettist [[Stefan Zweig]]. When the opera was premiered in Dresden in 1935, Strauss insisted that Zweig's name appear on the theatrical billing, much to the ire of the Nazi regime. Hitler and Goebbels avoided attending the opera, and it was halted after three performances and subsequently banned by the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]].{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=285}}

On 17 June 1935, Strauss wrote a letter to Stefan Zweig, in which he stated:
<blockquote>Do you believe I am ever, in any of my actions, guided by the thought that I am 'German'? Do you suppose Mozart was consciously 'Aryan' when he composed? I recognise only two types of people: those who have talent and those who have none.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=297}}</blockquote>

This letter to Zweig was intercepted by the [[Gestapo]] and sent to Hitler. Strauss was subsequently [[Dismissal (employment)|dismissed]] from his post as ''Reichsmusikkammer'' president in 1935. The [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin Summer Olympics]] nevertheless used Strauss's ''[[Olympische Hymne]]'', which he had composed in 1934. Strauss's seeming relationship with the Nazis in the 1930s attracted criticism from some noted musicians, including Toscanini, who in 1933 had said, "To Strauss the composer I take off my hat; to Strauss the man I put it back on again", when Strauss had accepted the presidency of the ''Reichsmusikkammer''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Kennedy (music critic)|date=October 1978|title=Review of ''A Confidential Matter: The Letters of Richard Strauss and Stefan Zweig, 1931–1935''|journal=[[Music & Letters]]|volume=59|number=4|pages=472–475|doi=10.1093/ml/59.4.472}}</ref> Much of Strauss's motivation in his conduct during the Third Reich was, however, to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law Alice and his Jewish grandchildren from persecution. Both of his grandsons were bullied at school, but Strauss used his considerable influence to prevent the boys or their mother being sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=316}}