Editing Reduplication (section)

====With other morphological processes====
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All the examples above consist of only reduplication, which also often occurs with other phonological and morphological processes, such as [[vowel alternation]],<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.12|title = Vowel alternation in disyllabic reduplicatives: An areal dimension|year = 2011|last1 = Ido|first1 = Shinji|journal = Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri |volume = 2|pages = 185–194|doi-access = free}}</ref> [[elision|deletion]] and [[affixation]] of non-reduplicating material.

For instance, in [[Tz'utujil language|Tz'utujil]] a new '-ish' adjective form is derived from other words by suffixing the reduplicated first consonant of the base followed by the segment {{IPA|[oχ]}}. This can be written succinctly as ''{{IPA|-Coχ}}''. Below are some examples:

* {{IPA|[kaq]}} 'red' → {{IPA|[kaqkoχ]}} 'reddish' &nbsp;{{IPA|(kaq-''k''-oχ)}}
* {{IPA|[qʼan]}} 'yellow' → {{IPA|[qʼanqʼoχ]}} 'yellowish' &nbsp;{{IPA|(qʼan-''qʼ''-oχ)}}
* {{IPA|[jaʔ]}} 'water' → {{IPA|[jaʔjoχ]}} 'watery' &nbsp;{{IPA|(jaʔ-''j''-oχ)}} &nbsp; <small><cite>(Dayley 1985)</cite></small>

[[Somali language|Somali]] has a similar suffix that is used in forming the plural of some nouns: ''-aC'' (where ''C'' is the last consonant of the base):

* {{IPA|[toɡ]}} 'ditch' → {{IPA|[toɡaɡ]}} 'ditches' &nbsp;{{IPA|(toɡ-a-''ɡ'')}}
* {{IPA|[ʕad]}} 'lump of meat' → {{IPA|[ʕadad]}} 'lumps of meat' &nbsp;{{IPA|(ʕad-a-''d'')}}
* {{IPA|[wɪːl]}} 'boy' → {{IPA|[wɪːlal]}} 'boys' &nbsp;{{IPA|(wɪːl-a-''l'')}} &nbsp; <small><cite>(Abraham 1964)</cite></small>

This combination of reduplication and affixation is commonly referred to as ''fixed-segment reduplication''.

In [[Tohono O'odham]] initial reduplication also involves [[gemination]] of the first consonant in the distributive plural and in repetitive verbs:

* {{IPA|[nowiu]}} 'ox' → {{IPA|[nonnowiu]}} 'ox (distributive)' &nbsp;(''no''-n-nowiu)
* {{IPA|[hódai]}} 'rock' → {{IPA|[hohhodai]}} 'rock (distributive)' &nbsp;(''ho''-h-hodai)
* {{IPA|[kow]}} 'dig out of ground (unitative)' → {{IPA|[kokkow]}} 'dig out of ground (repetitive)' &nbsp;(''ko''-k-kow)
* {{IPA|[ɡɨw]}} 'hit (unitative)' → {{IPA|[ɡɨɡɡɨw]}} 'hit (repetitive)' &nbsp;{{IPA|(''ɡɨ''-ɡ-ɡɨw)}} &nbsp; <small><cite>(Haugen forthcoming)</cite></small>

Sometimes gemination can be analyzed as a type of reduplication.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

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