Editing Ramallah (section)

===Jordanian and Israeli occupation: 1948—1993===
Following the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|creation of the State of Israel]] and the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|ensuing conflict]], Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordanian rule]] between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the [[West Bank]], Jordan, [[Lebanon]], and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of "illegal political parties", which included the [[Palestine Communist Party]] and other socialist and pro-independence groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly [[Hebron]]) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
<!-- Ramallah expatriates created one of the largest Arab communities in the United States, settling mainly in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], New York, Florida, California, Texas, and especially in [[Michigan]]. Many worked in the auto industry. In 1959, the American Federation of Ramallah, Palestine (AFRP) was established in [[Detroit]]. The AFRP has several branches in the United States, and holds an annual convention every summer attended by a sizable number of former Ramallah residents and their offspring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koolpages.com/wael2003/history.htm|title=koolpages.com/wael2003/history|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://afrp.org/aboutus.aspx|title=afrp.org|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> will relocate to future demographics section (it has no relevance here whatsoever)-->[[File:2018 OCHA OpT map Ramallah.jpg|thumb|left|2018 [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|United Nations]] map of the area, showing the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] arrangements]]
During the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, [[Israel]] captured Ramallah from Jordan, imposing a military closure and conducting a census a few weeks later. Every person registered in the census was given an Israeli identity card which allowed the bearer to continue to reside there. Those who were abroad during the census lost their residency rights.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/english/Family_Separation/Origins.asp "Creation of the problem of family separation in the Occupied Territories"] [[Btselem]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003513/http://www.btselem.org/english/Family_Separation/Origins.asp |date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> For residents of Ramallah, the situation had now been reversed. For the first time in 19 years, residents could freely visit Israel and the [[Gaza Strip]] and engage in commerce there.

Unlike the Jordanians, Israel did not offer citizenship to the residents. Ramallah residents were issued permits to work in Israel, but did not gain the rights associated with Israeli citizenship. The city remained under Israeli military rule for more than four decades. The [[Israeli Civil Administration]] (CA), established in 1981, was in charge of civilian and day-to-day services such as issuing permission to travel, build, export or import, and host relatives from abroad.<ref>[http://www.jmcc.org/research/special/military.html Israeli Military Orders in the Occupied Palestinian West Bank] Jerusalem Media and Communications Centre (JMCC), 2nd edition, pp.241. 1995 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712042326/http://www.jmcc.org/research/special/military.html |date=July 12, 2009 }}</ref> The CA reprinted Jordanian textbooks for distribution in schools but did not update them. The CA was in charge of tax collection and land expropriation, which sometimes included Israeli seizure of olive groves that Arab villagers had tended for generations.<ref>Abdullah Salah. [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/b43bb37dd727f0c0852570120072d4f6?Letter dated 25 May 1983 from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011153642/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/b43bb37dd727f0c0852570120072d4f6?OpenDocument |date=October 11, 2013 }}, A/38/257-S/15810 of June 2, 1983<!-- Bot generated title --></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palestine-encyclopedia.com/EPP/Chapter18_3of10.htm |title=Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem |last=Nakhleh |first=Issa |date=1991 |publisher=Palestine-encyclopedia.com |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927113622/http://www.palestine-encyclopedia.com/EPP/Chapter18_3of10.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2011 }}</ref>

According to the Israeli Human Rights activists, the development of Jewish settlements in the Ramallah area, such as [[Beit El]] and [[Psagot]], prevented the expansion of the city and cut it off from the surrounding Arab villages.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Yehezkel |last1=Lein |first2=Eyal |last2=Weizman |url=http://www.brightonpalestinecampaign.org/pdfs/Articles/Land%20Grab.pdf |title=LAND GRAB: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank |website=Brightonpalestinecampaign.org |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |date=May 2002 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025639/http://www.brightonpalestinecampaign.org/pdfs/Articles/Land%20Grab.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> As resistance increased, Ramallah residents who were members of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] were jailed or deported to neighboring countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/059/1999/en|title=ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES: Demolition and dispossession: the destruction of Palestinian homes [MDE 15/59/99] |date=8 December 1999|access-date=2 October 2018|first=Anthony|last=Coon|work=Amnesty International|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119193332/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/059/1999/en|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1987, the popular uprising known as the [[First Intifada|Intifada]] erupted, protesting against the continued [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]].

Ramallah residents were among the early joiners of the [[First Intifada]]. The Intifada Unified Leadership, an umbrella organization of various Palestinian factions, distributed weekly bulletins on the streets of Ramallah with a schedule of the daily protests, strikes and action against Israeli patrols in the city. At the demonstrations, tires were burned in the street, and the crowds threw stones and [[Molotov cocktail]]s. The [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] responded with tear gas and rubber bullets. Schools in Ramallah were forcibly shut down, and opened gradually for a few hours a day.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} The Israelis conducted house arrests, imposing curfews that restricted travel and exports in what Palestinians regarded as collective punishment. In response to the closure of schools, residents organized home schooling sessions to help students make up missed material; this became one of the few symbols of civil disobedience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmcc.org/research/reports/educate.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210223319/http://www.jmcc.org/research/reports/educate.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 10, 2007|title=JMCC / Research|date=February 10, 2007}}</ref> In December 1995, in keeping with the [[Oslo Accords]], the Israeli army abandoned the [[Mukataa]] and withdrew to the city outskirts. The newly established [[Palestinian Authority]] assumed civilian and security responsibility for the city, which was designated "Area A" under the accords.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}