Editing Quercus rubra (section)

=== Abiotic stresses ===
Northern red oak seedlings have been known to have a high mortality rate in northeast regions prone to spring freeze, particularly in Massachusetts. Acorns produced by oaks in this region are typically smaller in size as an adaptation to frost produced in high latitudes; however, the resulting smaller seedlings have produced limited opportunities for animal consumption and dispersal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aizen |first=Marcelo |date=1996 |title=Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rubra following simulated sporing freeze. |url=https://77f6c0c1-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/marceloaizen/pdfs_maa/Aizen%26Woodcock_1996_CJB.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cqfdRMJaMk6Z8JY4B9VXzud_SIB1-CgA53eXP1K0MK259xswZjGDtYCkL1-CVQA6Paek4W3pqLfDIQZvxzUEB-qO5rXR1PCub8uYD7sL7yN7qaHhFPtaNE_AheTWLxssGtOJPYnwP7a4bLy0NXgMTaeAsrjyVVn99KGKjFui-Gi1yLVn8eVLyu1RWfAzoQ8uHkqsMSK_vxFht4qa32uumo904gtmc3-FKKab6Y8tFGV6ol5ySSdmL6tZyrGSVb6Y_b4Eyg2&attredirects=0 |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=308–314 |doi=10.1139/b96-037 |bibcode=1996CaJB...74..308A }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Flooding along the continental United States has been shown to be a major issue for the northern red oak, in which decreased [[phloem]] transport and photosynthetic activity has been observed, but only after multiple days of flooding, indicating that the northern red oak has adapted moderate resistance to excess water exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sloan |first1=Joshua L. |last2=Islam |first2=M. Anisul |last3=Jacobs |first3=Douglass F. |date=2016-01-01 |title=Reduced translocation of current photosynthate precedes changes in gas exchange forQuercus rubraseedlings under flooding stress |journal=Tree Physiology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.1093/treephys/tpv122 |issn=0829-318X |pmid=26655380 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The northern red oak has also developed tolerance mechanisms for heat stress, particularly observed in deciduous forests in the Southeastern United States, where, during summer heat waves, temperatures can exceed {{cvt|40|C}}. The leaves of the northern red oak have been observed to have an acclimation to [[RuBisCO|Rubisco]] activase activity that is directly correlated to acclimations with repeated exposure to heat waves. Consistent photosynthetic activity in the red oak has also been observed in the presence of high carbon dioxide levels that often occur as a result of elevated temperatures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bauweraerts |first1=Ingvar |last2=Ameye |first2=Maarten |last3=Wertin |first3=Timothy M. |last4=McGuire |first4=Mary Anne |last5=Teskey |first5=Robert O. |last6=Steppe |first6=Kathy |date=2014-07-01 |title=Acclimation effects of heat waves and elevated [CO2] on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings |journal=Plant Ecology |language=en |volume=215 |issue=7 |pages=733–746 |doi=10.1007/s11258-014-0352-9 |bibcode=2014PlEco.215..733B |issn=1385-0237 |s2cid=14230195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cavender-Bares |first1=J. |author-link1=Jeannine Cavender-Bares |last2=Potts |first2=M. |last3=Zacharias |first3=E. |last4=Bazzaz |first4=F. A. |date=2000-12-01 |title=Consequences of CO2 and light interactions for leaf phenology, growth, and senescence in Quercus rubra |journal=Global Change Biology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=877–887 |bibcode=2000GCBio...6..877C |citeseerx=10.1.1.337.1253 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00361.x |issn=1365-2486 |s2cid=15753586}}</ref>