Editing Purple (section)

=== The Middle Ages and Renaissance ===
In 1464, [[Pope Paul II]] decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and instead wear scarlet, from [[kermes (dye)|kermes]] and alum,<ref>{{cite web|author=LaVerne M. Dutton|title= ''Cochineal: A Bright Red Animal Dye''|page=57|url=http://www.cochineal.info/pdf/Ch-5-History-Dyes-Dying-Industry-Old-World-Cochineal-Industry.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cochineal.info/pdf/Ch-5-History-Dyes-Dying-Industry-Old-World-Cochineal-Industry.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=Cochineal.info}}</ref> since the dye from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with the less expensive [[indigo]] blue, then overlaid with red made from [[kermes (dye)|kermes]] dye.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', p.&nbsp;165.</ref><ref>Elena Phipps, ''Cochineal red: The art history of a color'', p.&nbsp;26.</ref>

While purple was worn less frequently by medieval and [[Renaissance]] kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities.  Their robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square/violet or purple/violet caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet robes were particularly worn by students of divinity.

Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the [[Virgin Mary]] were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes.

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File:Aquileia Basilica - Krypta Fresco Bischofsweihe Hermagoras.jpg|A 12th-century painting of [[Saint Peter]] consecrating [[Hermagoras of Aquileia|Hermagoras]], wearing purple, as a bishop.
File:Ghent Altarpiece D - Popes - Bishops.jpg|In the ''[[Ghent Altarpiece]]'' (1422) by [[Jan van Eyck]], the popes and bishops are wearing purple robes.
File:Rafael - Ressurreição de Cristo (detalhe - anjo).jpg|A purple-clad angel from the ''Resurrection of Christ'' by Raphael (1483–1520)
</gallery>