Editing Psychiatric medication (section)

==Types==
{{See also|List of psychiatric medications|List of psychiatric medications by condition treated}}
There are five main groups of psychiatric medications.
*[[Antidepressant]]s, which treat disparate disorders such as [[clinical depression]], [[dysthymia]], [[anxiety disorders]], [[eating disorder]]s and [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref>
{{cite journal
 | last = Schatzberg
 | first = A.F.
 | year = 2000
 | title = New indications for antidepressants
 | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
 | volume = 61
 | issue = 11
 | pages = 9–17
 | pmid = 10926050}}</ref>
*[[Antipsychotic]]s, which treat [[psychotic disorder]]s such as [[schizophrenia]] and [[psychotic]] symptoms occurring in the context of other disorders such as [[mood disorder]]s. They are also used for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
*[[Anxiolytic]]s, which treat [[anxiety disorder]]s, and include [[hypnotic]]s and [[sedative]]s
*[[Mood stabilizer]]s, which treat [[bipolar disorder]] and [[schizoaffective disorder]].
*[[Stimulant]]s, which treat disorders such as [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] and [[narcolepsy]].

===Antidepressants===
{{Main|Antidepressant}}
Antidepressants are drugs used to treat [[clinical depression]], and they are also often used for anxiety and other disorders. Most antidepressants will hinder the breakdown of [[serotonin]], [[norepinephrine]], and/or [[dopamine]]. A commonly used class of antidepressants are called [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs), which act on serotonin transporters in the brain to increase levels of serotonin in the [[synaptic cleft]].<ref name="Stahl"/> Another is the [[serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]] (SNRIs), which increase both serotonin and norepinephrine. Antidepressants will often take 3–5 weeks to have a noticeable effect as the regulation of receptors in the brain adapts. There are multiple classes of antidepressants which have different mechanisms of action. Another type of antidepressant is a [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOI), which is thought to block the action of [[monoamine oxidase]], an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and [[norepinephrine]]. MAOIs are not used as first-line treatment due to the risk of [[hypertensive crisis]] related to the consumption of foods containing the amino acid [[tyramine]].<ref name="Stahl"/>

Common antidepressants:
*[[Fluoxetine]] (Prozac), SSRI
*[[Paroxetine]] (Paxil, Seroxat), SSRI
*[[Citalopram]] (Celexa), SSRI
*[[Escitalopram]] (Lexapro), SSRI
*[[Sertraline]] (Zoloft), SSRI
*[[Duloxetine]] (Cymbalta), SNRI
*[[Venlafaxine]] (Effexor), SNRI
*[[Bupropion]] (Wellbutrin), [[Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor|NDRI]]<ref>{{cite journal| author =Stephen M. Stahl, M.D.| title =A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
| publisher =Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 6(04) 159-166 2004 PHYSICIANS POSTGRADUATE PRESS, INC| year = 2004 | url = http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/v06n04/v06n0403.pdf | access-date =2006-09-02 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
*[[Mirtazapine]] (Remeron), [[NaSSA]]
*[[Isocarboxazid]] (Marplan), MAOI
*[[Phenelzine]] (Nardil), MAOI
*[[Tranylcypromine]] (Parnate), MAOI
*[[Amitriptyline]] (Elavil), TCA

===Antipsychotics===
{{Main|Antipsychotics}}
Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat various symptoms of psychosis, such as those caused by psychotic disorders or [[schizophrenia]]. [[Atypical antipsychotic]]s are also used as [[mood stabilizers]] in the treatment of [[bipolar disorder]], and they can augment the action of antidepressants in [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name="Stahl">{{cite book|author= Stahl, S. M. | title=Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications|url= https://archive.org/details/stahlsessentialp00stah |url-access= registration | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2008}}</ref>
Antipsychotics are sometimes referred to as neuroleptic drugs and some antipsychotics are branded "major tranquilizers".

There are two categories of antipsychotics: [[typical antipsychotic]]s and [[atypical antipsychotic]]s. Most antipsychotics are available only by prescription.

Common antipsychotics:
{|
|- style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 0px solid white; vertical-align: top;"
|Typical antipsychotics
|Atypical antipsychotics
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[Chlorpromazine]] (Thorazine)
*[[Haloperidol]] (Haldol)
*[[Perphenazine]] (Trilafon)
*[[Thioridazine]] (Melleril)
*[[Thiothixene]] (Navane)
*[[Flupenthixol]] (Fluanxol)
*[[Trifluoperazine]] (Stelazine)
*[[Levomepromazine]] (Nozinan)
|
*[[Aripiprazole]] (Abilify)
*[[Clozapine]] (Clozaril)
*[[Lurasidone]] (Latuda)
*[[Olanzapine]] (Zyprexa)
*[[Paliperidone]] (Invega)
*[[Quetiapine]] (Seroquel)
*[[Risperidone]] (Risperdal)
*[[Zotepine]] (Nipolept)
*[[Ziprasidone]] (Geodon)
|}

===Anxiolytics and hypnotics===
{{See also|List of benzodiazepines|benzodiazepines}}

[[Benzodiazepine]]s are effective as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, myorelaxants and amnesics.<ref name="Ashton 25–40">{{cite journal|last=Ashton|first=Heather|s2cid=46966796|title=Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use|journal=Drugs|date=July 1994|volume=48|issue=1|pages=25–40|doi=10.2165/00003495-199448010-00004|pmid=7525193}}</ref>  Having less proclivity for overdose and toxicity, they have widely supplanted [[barbiturate]]s, although barbiturates (such as [[pentobarbital]]) are still used for [[euthanasia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Hannah |date=2020-08-14 |title=Euthanasia referendum: What drugs are used in assisted dying, and how do they work? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/euthanasia-debate/300073069/euthanasia-referendum-what-drugs-are-used-in-assisted-dying-and-how-do-they-work |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.stuff.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pepper |first1=Brianne Marlene |last2=Chan |first2=Hedia |last3=Ward |first3=Michael P. |last4=Quain |first4=Anne |date=2023-04-27 |title=Euthanasia of Dogs by Australian Veterinarians: A Survey of Current Practices |journal=Veterinary Sciences |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=317 |doi=10.3390/vetsci10050317 |doi-access=free |issn=2306-7381 |pmid=37235400|pmc=10224218 }}</ref>

Developed in the 1950s onward, benzodiazepines were originally thought to be non-addictive at therapeutic doses, but are now known to cause [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal]] symptoms similar to barbiturates and [[alcohol withdrawal syndrome|alcohol]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=MacKinnon GL, Parker WA |title=Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome: a literature review and evaluation |journal=Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |year=1982 |pmid=6133446 |doi= 10.3109/00952998209002608}}</ref> Benzodiazepines are generally recommended for short-term use.<ref name="Ashton 25–40"/>

[[Z-drug]]s are a group of drugs with effects generally similar to benzodiazepines, which are used in the treatment of insomnia.

Common benzodiazepines and z-drugs include:
{|
|- style="border-spacing: 10px; border: 0px solid white; vertical-align: top;"
|Benzodiazepines
|Z-drug hypnotics
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[Alprazolam]] (Xanax), anxiolytic
*[[Chlordiazepoxide]] (Librium), anxiolytic
*[[Clonazepam]] (Klonopin), anxiolytic
*[[Diazepam]] (Valium), anxiolytic
*[[Lorazepam]] (Ativan), anxiolytic
*[[Nitrazepam]] (Mogadon), hypnotic
*[[Temazepam]] (Restoril), hypnotic
*[[Midazolam]] (Versed), hypnotic
|
*[[Eszopiclone]] (Lunesta)
*[[Zaleplon]] (Sonata)
*[[Zolpidem]] (Ambien, Stilnox)
*[[Zopiclone]] (Imovan)

|}

===Mood stabilizers===
{{Main|Mood stabilizers}}
In 1949, the Australian [[John Cade]] discovered that [[lithium pharmacology|lithium salt]]s could control [[mania]], reducing the frequency and severity of manic episodes. This introduced the now popular drug [[lithium carbonate]] to the mainstream public, as well as being the first mood stabilizer to be approved by the U.S. [[Food & Drug Administration]]. 
Besides lithium, several [[anticonvulsants]] and [[atypical antipsychotic]]s have mood stabilizing activity. The mechanism of action of mood stabilizers is not well understood.

Common non-antipsychotic mood stabilizers include:
*[[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]] (Lithobid, Eskalith), the oldest mood stabilizer
*Anticonvulsants
**[[Carbamazepine]] (Tegretol) and the related compound [[oxcarbazepine]] (Trileptal)
**[[Valproic acid]], and salts (Depakene, Depakote)
**[[Lamotrigine]] (Lamictal)

===Stimulants===
{{Main|Stimulant}}
A stimulant is a drug that stimulates the central nervous system, increasing arousal, attention and endurance. Stimulants are used in psychiatry to treat [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder]]. Because the medications can be addictive, patients with a history of drug abuse are typically monitored closely or treated with a non-stimulant.

Common stimulants:
*[[Methylphenidate]] (Ritalin, Concerta), a [[norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor]]
*[[Dexmethylphenidate]] (Focalin), the active dextro-enantiomer of methylphenidate
*[[Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate]] (Azstarys)
*[[Adderall|Mixed amphetamine salts]] (Adderall), a 3:1 mix of dextro/levo-enantiomers of [[amphetamine]]
*[[Dextroamphetamine]] (Dexedrine), the dextro-enantiomer of amphetamine 
*[[Lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse), a [[prodrug]] containing the dextro-enantiomer of amphetamine
*[[Methamphetamine]] (Desoxyn), a potent but infrequently prescribed amphetamine