Editing Protest song (section)

==== Anti-apartheid ====
The majority of South African protest music of the 20th century concerned itself with [[apartheid]], a system of legalized [[racial segregation]] in which blacks were stripped of their citizenship and rights from 1948 to 1994. As the apartheid regime forced Africans into townships and industrial centres, people sang about leaving their homes, the horror of the coal mines and the degradation of working as domestic servants. Examples of which include [[Benedict Wallet Vilakazi]]'s "Meadowlands", the "[[Toyi-toyi]]" chant and "[[Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)|Bring Him Back Home]]" (1987) by [[Hugh Masekela]], which became an anthem for the movement to free [[Nelson Mandela]]. The Special AKA wrote a song on Nelson Mandela called "[[Free Nelson Mandela]]". The track is upbeat and celebratory, drawing on musical influence from South Africa, was immensely popular in Africa. Masekela's song "[[Soweto Blues]]", sung by his former wife, [[Miriam Makeba]], is a blues/jazz piece that mourns the carnage of the [[Soweto riots]] in 1976.<ref name="Cheyney 1990">{{cite journal|last1=Cheyney|first1=Tom|date=March 1, 1990|title=Miriam Makeba Welela|journal=Musician|issue=137|page=84}}</ref> [[Basil Coetzee]] and [[Abdullah Ibrahim]]'s "[[Mannenberg]]" became an unofficial soundtrack to the anti-apartheid resistance.

In Afrikaans, the 1989 [[Voëlvry]] movement led by [[Johannes Kerkorrel]], [[Koos Kombuis]], and [[Bernoldus Niemand]], provided a voice of opposition from within the white [[Afrikaner]] community. These musicians sought to redefine Afrikaner identity, and although met with opposition from the authorities, Voëlvry played to large crowds at Afrikaans university campuses and was quite popular among Afrikaner youth.<ref>Voëlvry is discussed in detail by Hopkins (2006) in ''Voëlvry. The movement that rocked South Africa'' (Cape Town: Zebra Press), and Grundlingh (2004) in "'Rocking the Boat' in South Africa? Voëlvry music and Afrikaans anti-apartheid social protest in the 1980s", ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'', 37(3):483–514.</ref>