Editing Princeton University (section)

===1945 to present===
[[File:Princeton University Forrestal Campus (1), Oct. 2024.jpg|thumb|right|Center of Forrestal Campus]]
The post-war years saw scholars renewing broken bonds through numerous conventions, expansion of the campus, and the introduction of distribution requirements.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=139}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=137}} The period saw the desegregation of Princeton, which was stimulated by changes to the New Jersey constitution.{{Sfn|Bradley|2010|p=115}} Princeton began undertaking a sharper focus towards research in the years after the war, with the construction of Firestone Library in 1948 and the establishment of the Forrestal Research Center in nearby [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey|Plainsboro Township]] in the 1950s.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=158}} Government sponsored research increased sharply, particularly in the physics and engineering departments,{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=165–166}} with much of it occurring at the new Forrestal campus.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=168}} Though, as the years progressed, scientific research at the Forrestal campus declined, and in 1973, some of the land was converted to commercial and residential spaces.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=170}}

[[Robert F. Goheen|Robert Goheen]] would succeed Dodds by unanimous vote and serve as president until 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Goheen|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/goheen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702024907/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/goheen/|archive-date=July 2, 2020|access-date=July 22, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Goheen's presidency was characterized as being more liberal than previous presidents, and his presidency would see a rise in Black applicants,{{Sfn|Bradley|2010|p=116}} as well as the eventual coeducation of the university in 1969.<ref name="Princeton-Library" /> During this period of rising diversity, the Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center) was dedicated in 1971.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=466}} Goheen also oversaw great expansion for the university, with square footage increasing by 80 percentage.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=219}}

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Princeton experienced unprecedented activism, with most of it centered on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Anderson-2019">{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=James|date=November 15, 2019|title=Peace in Palmer Square: A history of Vietnam War activism|work=[[The Daily Princetonian]]|url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2019/11/peace-in-palmer-square-a-history-of-vietnam-war-activism|access-date=July 23, 2021|archive-date=July 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723071952/https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2019/11/peace-in-palmer-square-a-history-of-vietnam-war-activism|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=196}} While Princeton activism initially remained relatively timid compared to other institutions,<ref name="Anderson-2019" /> protests began to grow with the founding of a local chapter of [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) in 1965, which organized many of the later Princeton protests.<ref name="Anderson-2019" /> In 1966, the SDS gained prominence on campus following [[picketing]] against a speech by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], which gained frontpage coverage by the ''New York Times.''{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=199}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Ronald|date=May 12, 1966|title=PRESIDENT URGES SCHOLARS TO BACK WAR IN VIETNAM; Replies to Fulbright Charge of 'Arrogance of Power' Speaks at Princeton 300 PICKET ON CAMPUS Plea for Understanding by 'Responsible' Intellectuals Is Heard by 3,000 PRESIDENT SEEKS AID OF SCHOLARS|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/12/archives/president-urges-scholars-to-back-war-in-vietnam-replies-to.html|access-date=July 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A notable point of contention on campus was the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] (IDA) and would feature multiple protests,<ref name="Anderson-2019" /> some of which required police action.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=209–211}} In 1967, SDS members and sympathizers beat the campus [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|R.O.T.C.]] chapter in a game of [[Touch football (American)|touch football]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philips |first=McCandlish |date=November 18, 1967 |title=Princeton War Debate Taken to Ball Field; Pacifist Team Beats R.O.T.C. in Touch Football Game |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/18/archives/princeton-war-debate-taken-to-ball-field-pacifist-team-beats-rotc.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |pages=12 |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120035223/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/18/archives/princeton-war-debate-taken-to-ball-field-pacifist-team-beats-rotc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As the years went on, the protests' agenda broadened to investments in South Africa, environmental issues, and women's rights.<ref name="Anderson-2019" />{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=202}} In response to these broadening protests, the Council of the Princeton University Community (CPUC) was founded to serve as a method for greater student voice in governance.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=204}} Activism culminated in 1970 with a student, faculty, and staff member [[General strike|strike]], so the university could become an "institution against expansion of the war."{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=207–209}}{{Efn|The strike was part of the broader [[Student Strike of 1970]].}} Princeton's protests would taper off later that year, with ''The'' ''Daily Princetonian'' saying that, "Princeton 1970–71 was an emotionally burned out university."

In 1982, the residential college system was officially established under Goheen's successor [[William G. Bowen]], who would serve until 1988.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=269}}<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Bowen">{{cite web|title=William Bowen|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/bowen/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629022527/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/bowen/index.html|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> During his presidency, Princeton's endowment increased from $625 million to $2 billion, and a major fundraising drive known as "A Campaign for Princeton" was conducted.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Bowen" /> President [[Harold Tafler Shapiro|Harold T. Shapiro]] would succeed Bowen and remain president until 2001. Shapiro would continue to increase the endowment, expand academic programs, raise student diversity, and oversee the most renovations in Princeton's history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harold Shapiro|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/shapiro/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627211631/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/shapiro/index.html|archive-date=June 27, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> One of Shapiro's initiatives was the formation of the multidisciplinary Princeton Environmental Institute in 1994, renamed the [[High Meadows Environmental Institute]] in 2020.<ref name="Wohlforth">{{cite news |last1=Wohlforth |first1=Charles |title=PEI Celebrates 25 Years: Princeton's Hub of Environmental Studies Surveys the Global Challenges Ahead |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/pei-celebrates-25-years-princetons-hub-environmental-studies-surveys-global-challenges-ahead |access-date=June 29, 2023 |work=Princeton Alumni Weekly |date=December 4, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Valenti">{{cite news |last1=Valenti |first1=Denise |title=Can the humanities help solve climate change? |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2022/08/29/can-humanities-help-solve-climate-change |access-date=June 22, 2023 |work=Princeton University |date=August 29, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613022400/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2022/08/29/can-humanities-help-solve-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, Princeton shifted the financial aid policy to a system that replaced all loans with grants.<ref name="Moroz-2001" /> That same year, Princeton elected its first female president, [[Shirley M. Tilghman]].<ref name="Horwitz-2001" /> Before retiring in 2012, Tilghman expanded financial aid offerings and conducted several major construction projects like the Lewis Center for the Arts and a sixth residential college.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaminer|first=Ariel|date=September 22, 2012|title=Princeton President Announces She Will Step Down|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/education/shirley-tilghman-princeton-president-says-she-will-step-down.html|access-date=July 22, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613022513/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/education/shirley-tilghman-princeton-president-says-she-will-step-down.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tilghman also led initiatives for more global programs, the creation of an office of sustainability, and investments into the sciences.{{Sfn|Durkee|2022|p=14}}

Princeton's 20th and current president, [[Christopher L. Eisgruber|Christopher Eisgruber]], was elected in 2013.<ref name="Yee-2013">{{Cite news|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=April 21, 2013|title=Princeton Chooses Its Provost to Become Its Next President|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/nyregion/princeton-names-provost-eisgruber-as-president.html|access-date=July 22, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722224536/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/nyregion/princeton-names-provost-eisgruber-as-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Princeton University unveiled a large-scale [[public history]] and [[digital humanities]] investigation into its historical involvement with [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] called the Princeton & Slavery Project. The project saw the publication of hundreds of primary sources, 80 scholarly essays, a scholarly conference, a series of short plays, and an art project.<ref name="Schuessler-2017">{{Cite news|last=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=November 6, 2017|title=Princeton Digs Deep Into Its Fraught Racial History|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/arts/princeton-digs-deep-into-its-fraught-racial-history.html|access-date=February 22, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222184933/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/arts/princeton-digs-deep-into-its-fraught-racial-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2018, university trustees announced that they would name two public spaces for James Collins Johnson and [[Betsey Stockton]], enslaved people who lived and worked on Princeton's campus and whose stories were publicized by the project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=April 17, 2018|title=Princeton to Name Two Campus Spaces in Honor of Slaves|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/arts/princeton-to-name-two-campus-spaces-in-honor-of-slaves.html|access-date=February 22, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020434/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/arts/princeton-to-name-two-campus-spaces-in-honor-of-slaves.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, large-scale student activism again entered the mainstream concerning the school's implementation of federal [[Title IX]] policy relating to [[campus sexual assault]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Jenni |title=Princeton Students Protest Title IX Process, Demand Firing of Administrator |url=https://www.newsweek.com/princeton-students-protest-title-ix-demand-firing-faculty-1421460 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118193010/https://www.newsweek.com/princeton-students-protest-title-ix-demand-firing-faculty-1421460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kang |first1=Jimin |title=Princeton Students Are Sitting In for Title IX Reform |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/princeton-students-are-sitting-in-for-title-ix-reform/ |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118193011/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/princeton-students-are-sitting-in-for-title-ix-reform/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The activism consisted of [[sit-in]]s in response to a student's disciplinary sentence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vagianos |first1=Alanna |title=A Sexual Assault Survivor At Princeton Tried To Protest. Instead, She Was Fined $2,700. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sexual-assault-survivor-princeton-protests-title-ix_n_5cdad56ee4b0615b0819c2a2 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118194505/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sexual-assault-survivor-princeton-protests-title-ix_n_5cdad56ee4b0615b0819c2a2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2024, students joined [[List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024|other campuses across the United States]] in protests and establishing encampments against the [[Gaza war]] and the [[Palestinian genocide accusation|alleged genocide of Palestinians]] in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Palestine organizers mark return to campus with protest |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2024/09/princeton-news-following-tightened-protest-regulations-pro-palestinian-organizations-hold-protest |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From LA to NY, pro-Palestine college campus protests grow strong in US |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/27/from-la-to-new-york-student-protests-in-support-of-palestine-grow-strong |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Razia |date=2024-04-29 |title=Princeton Students Join the Gaza Solidarity Movement |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/princeton-campus-protest-gaza/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> The protestors called for [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|divestment from Israel]],<ref name="dailyprincetonian.com">{{Cite web |title=Day six of 'Gaza Solidarity Encampment' at Princeton |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2024/04/princeton-news-live-update-sit-in-gaza-solidarity-encampment-sixth-day-clio-hall-cannon-green-mccosh |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US}}</ref> started a hunger strike and were joined by faculty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over dozen US university faculty members join pro-Gaza hunger strikers |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/over-dozen-us-university-faculty-members-join-pro-gaza-hunger-strikers/3216677 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title='We are doing this in solidarity with the people of Gaza': a Princeton student explains why he's currently part of a hunger strike |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/05/we-are-doing-this-in-solidarity-with-the-people-of-gaza-a-princeton-student-explains-why-hes-currently-part-of-a-hunger-strike/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[sit-in]] of Clio Hall led to arrests by police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandt |first=Joe |date=2024-04-25 |title=Pro-Palestinian groups protest at Princeton University amid wave of college protests - CBS Philadelphia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/princeton-university-college-campus-palestinian-protests-today/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dailyprincetonian.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=13 protesters arrested at Princeton: 'We prayed and sang together while zip-tied' |url=https://6abc.com/princeton-university-rutgers-new-jersey-palestinian-protests/14746032/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=6abc Philadelphia |language=en}}</ref> Activism and protests continued in the new academic year starting September 2024 with administrators facing calls for resignation from faculty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top administrators reflect on protests at first USG meeting, Calhoun makes rare student-facing appearance |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2024/09/princeton-news-stlife-usg-policy-updates-protests-dean-crotty-vp-calhoun |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Pro-Palestinian Protesters Return With Rally, March to Nassau Hall |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/pro-palestinian-protesters-return-rally-march-nassau-hall |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en}}</ref>