Editing Portuguese Timor (section)

=== Early twentieth century ===
[[File:Timor 1914.png|thumb|upright=1.3|1914 Portuguese map of Portuguese Timor and Dili.]]
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, resulting in increased resistance to Portuguese rule in Portuguese Timor.<ref name="Schwartz199"/> A 1904 treaty with the Dutch removed some enclaves, with [[Maucatar Administrative Post|Maucatar]] being ceded to Portugal and {{ill|Noimuti|de}} being ceded to the Netherlands.<ref name="Damaledo2018ch2"/>

José Celestino da Silva returned to Portugal in 1908.<ref name="Kammen2015ch5"/>{{rp|107}} Governor {{ill|Filomeno da Câmara de Melo Cabral|de}}, who arrived in 1910, increased the head tax to 2.5 patacas, instead of just 1, prompting some to leave to Dutch-controlled territory.<ref name="Damaledo2018ch2"/> Failure to pay the tax often led individuals to indentured labour on coffee plantations, or service to richer individuals who paid the tax on their behalf. A census was begun annually to facilitate tax collection, initially counting just men of taxable age, and later collecting age and sex data.<ref name="Kammen2010"/>{{rp|253–254}} The [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 overthrowing of the Portuguese Monarchy]] was announced in Dili three weeks after the event. This republicanism concerned local rulers, adding to existing tensions over new and higher taxes. [[East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912|Separate uprisings]] began throughout the island, which were eventually defeated by colonial forces and local allies.<ref name="Kammen2015ch5"/>{{rp|100–101}} To defeat this revolt Portugal brought in troops from the Portuguese colonies of [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] and [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], and the war saw the deaths of 3,000 Portuguese Timorese.<ref name="Schwartz199"/> The remaining power of the kings further diminished after the [[5 October 1910 revolution]], especially as many Timorese kings were monarchist sympathisers. The kings were reduced to operating [[Administrative posts of Timor-Leste|Administrative posts]] on behalf of the Portuguese.<ref name="Scambary2021"/>{{rp|280}}

Colonial policy shifted back towards using indigenous rulers as figureheads, sometimes installing new more cooperative rulers.<ref name="Kammen2015ch5"/>{{rp|102–103}} Efforts to repress local customs were reversed, with the intention of coopting such practices instead.<ref name="Kammen2015ch5"/>{{rp|108}} Coffee plantations continued to expand, and taxes were increased. Many Portuguese males who gained control of coffee plantations married local women, leading to a growing [[mestiço]] population. Immigration also increased the Chinese population in some areas.<ref name="Kammen2015ch5"/>{{rp|104–105}}

On 16 September 1901 sandalwood harvesting was banned along much of the north coast, as was [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture.<ref name="Villiers1994"/>{{rp|94}} Despite the ban on harvesting, sandalwood exports continued to rise until 1913. A drop in the years afterwards led to Governor {{ill|Raimundo Enes Meira|pt}} banning all sandalwood harvesting and export on 15 February 1925.<ref name="Villiers1994"/>{{rp|94}} In 1929 a localised easing of this ban was issued by Governor [[Teófilo Duarte]] for [[Oecusse]], a response to slightly better existing stock, smuggling to Dutch Timor, and a lack of control of the exclave. New replanting efforts begun in 1946 by Governor {{ill|Óscar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas|de}} also failed, and by 1975 sandalwood trees were found only in Oecusse, [[Cova Lima Municipality|Cova Lima]], [[Bobonaro Municipality|Bobonaro]], and pockets of the northern coast. No restoration efforts took place under Indonesian rule.<ref name="Villiers1994"/>{{rp|95}}
[[File:Flag of Portuguese Timor (1932 proposal).svg|thumb|Proposed flag for Portuguese Timor (1932).]]
[[File:Grupo de deportados em Díli, Timor (1932).jpg|thumb|Group of political deportees in Timor, 1932.]]

A [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|military coup]] in Portugal and the subsequent rise of dictator [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] saw racial categories becoming fully codified, separating the bulk of the native population, who were designated as uncivilised, from the white settlers, mestiços, and the [[assimilado]]s (natives considered to have become civilised and assimilated).<ref name="Kammen2015ch5"/>{{rp|108}}  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the [[Great Depression]], and received little support or management from Portugal.<ref name="Lundhal2019"/>{{rp|269}}

In the 1930s, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] semi-governmental ''[[Nan'yō Kōhatsu]]'' development company, with the secret sponsorship of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN), invested heavily in a joint-venture with the primary plantation company of Portuguese Timor, SAPT. The joint-venture effectively controlled imports and exports into the island by the mid-1930s and the extension of Japanese interests  greatly concerned the British, Dutch and Australian authorities.<ref name=Post>Post, '' The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War '', pages 560-561;</ref>