Editing Pope Paul IV (section)

==Papacy==
As pope, Paul IV's nationalism was a driving force; he used the office to preserve some liberties in the face of fourfold foreign occupation. Like [[Pope Paul III]], he was an enemy of the [[Colonna family]]. His treatment of [[Giovanna d'Aragona]], who had married into that family, drew further negative comment from Venice because she had long been a patron of artists and writers.<ref>{{cite book | page=24 |title= Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance | author=Robin, Larsen and Levin}}</ref>

Paul IV was displeased at the French signing a five-year truce with Spain in February 1556 (in the midst of the [[Italian War of 1551–1559]]) and urged King [[Henry II of France]] to join the Papal States in an invasion of [[History of Naples#The Aragonese period|Spanish Naples]]. On 1 September 1556, King Philip II responded by preemptively invading the Papal States with 12,000 men under the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]]. French forces approaching from the north were defeated and forced to withdraw at [[Civitella del Tronto]] in August 1557.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=Geoffrey |title=Philip II |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=978-1317897736 |chapter=8}}</ref> The Papal armies were left exposed and were defeated, with Spanish troops arriving at the edge of Rome. Out of fear of another sack of Rome, Paul IV agreed to the Duke of Alba's demand for the Papal States to declare neutrality by signing the Peace of Cave-Palestrina on 12 September 1557. Emperor Charles V criticised the peace agreement as being overly generous to the Pope.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pattenden |first1=Miles |title=Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191649615 |pages=21–22}}</ref>

As [[cardinal-nephew]], [[Carlo Carafa]] became his uncle's chief political adviser. Having accepted a pension from the French, Cardinal Carafa worked to secure a French alliance.<ref name=John/> Carlo's older brother [[Giovanni Carafa, Duke of Paliano|Giovanni]] was made commander of the Papal forces and [[Duke of Paliano]] after the pro-Spanish [[Colonna family|Colonna]] were deprived of that town in 1556. Another nephew, [[Antonio Carafa (cardinal)|Antonio]], was given command of the Papal guard and made Marquis of Montebello. Their conduct became notorious in Rome. However, at the conclusion of the disastrous war with Philip II of Spain in the Italian War, and after many scandals, Paul IV publicly disgraced his nephews and banished them from Rome in 1559.<ref name=John/>

With the [[Protestant Reformation]], the papacy required all Roman Catholic rulers to consider [[Protestant]] rulers as [[heresy|heretics]], thus making their realms illegitimate. At the time of Paul's election, Queen [[Mary I of England]] was two years into her reign, and was rolling back the [[English Reformation]] that had occurred under her half-brother [[Edward VI]]. Paul IV issued a [[papal bull]] in 1555, ''{{lang|la|Ilius, per quem Reges regnant}}'', removing all Church measures against the English government, and further recognising Mary and her husband Philip as [[Monarchy of Ireland|King and Queen of Ireland]], rather than merely being "[[Lordship of Ireland|lord]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#act1542|title=Crown of Ireland Act 1542|work=Heraldica|date=25 July 2003|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Despite the bull, his relations with England were not positive. Paul IV had known Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]] while Pole was living in Italy and the two had been members of the [[spirituali]] together. Pole was the leader of Mary's efforts, but Paul IV seems to have hated Pole and become convinced he was a crypto-Protestant. Combined with hostility towards Spain and thus Mary's husband, Paul IV refused to allow any English bishops to be appointed, and began inquisitorial discipline proceedings against Pole, leading to the "farcical" situation that by 1558, the most serious opponent of English Catholicism was the Pope himself.<ref name="ryrie">{{cite web |title=England's Catholic Reformation |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/catholic-reformation |last=Ryrie |first=Alec |author-link=Alec Ryrie |date=23 September 2020}} See [https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-09-23_Ryrie_CatholicReformation-T.pdf transcript], or 46:55 in the video.</ref> He also angered people in England by insisting on the restitution of property confiscated during the [[dissolution of the monasteries]]. After Mary's death, he rejected the succession of [[Elizabeth I of England]] to the throne.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2"/>

Paul IV was violently opposed to the liberal Cardinal [[Giovanni Morone]], whom he strongly suspected of being a hidden Protestant, so much that he had him imprisoned. In order to prevent Morone from succeeding him and imposing what he believed to be his Protestant beliefs on the Church, Pope Paul IV codified the Catholic Law excluding heretics and non-Catholics from receiving or legitimately becoming pope, in the bull ''[[Cum ex apostolatus officio]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Paul IV was rigidly orthodox, austere in life, and authoritarian in manner. He affirmed the Catholic doctrine of ''[[extra ecclesiam nulla salus]]'' ('outside the Church there is no salvation'), and used the [[Holy Office]] to suppress the [[Spirituali]], a Catholic group deemed heretical. The strengthening of the Inquisition continued under Paul IV, and few could consider themselves safe by virtue of position in his drive to reform the Church; even cardinals he disliked could be imprisoned.<ref name="DurantW">
{{cite book |title= The Renaissance |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547401 |author= Will Durant |year=1953 |location= Chapter XXXIX: The Popes and the Council: 1517–1565}}</ref> He appointed inquisitor Michele Ghislieri, the future [[Pope Pius V]], to the position of Supreme Inquisitor despite the fact as Inquisitor of [[Como]], Ghislieri's persecutions had inspired a citywide rebellion, forcing him to flee in fear for his life.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:VicoloCapocciutoInGhettoByRoeslerFranz.jpg|thumb|220px|Vicolo Capocciuto, Roman Ghetto by Franz Roesler c.1880]]
On 17 July 1555, Paul IV issued one of the most infamous papal bulls in Church history. The [[Papal bull|bull]], ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'', ordered the creation of a [[Roman Ghetto|Jewish ghetto in Rome]]. The Pope set its borders near the [[Sant'Angelo (rione of Rome)|Rione Sant'Angelo]], an area where large numbers of Jews already resided, and ordered it walled off from the rest of the city. A single gate, locked every day at sundown, was the only means of reaching the rest of the city. The Jews themselves were forced to pay all design and construction costs related to the project, which came to a total of roughly 300 ''[[Italian scudo|scudi]]''. The bull restricted Jews in other ways as well. They were forbidden to have more than one [[synagogue]] per city—leading, in Rome alone, to the destruction of seven "excess" places of worship. All Jews were forced to wear distinctive yellow [[Jewish hat|hat]]s, especially outside the ghetto, and they were forbidden to trade in everything but food and secondhand clothes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frank J. |last=Coppa |title=The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust |location=Washington |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |year=2006 |page=29 |isbn=9780813215952 }}</ref> Christians of all ages were encouraged to treat the Jews as second-class citizens; for a Jew to defy a Christian in any way was to invite severe punishment, often at the hands of a mob. By the end of Paul IV's five-year reign, the number of Roman Jews had dropped by half.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Absolute Monarchs|last = Norwich|first = John Julius|publisher = Random House|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-4000-6715-2|location = New York|pages = 316}}</ref> Yet his anti-Jewish legacy endured for over 300 years: the ghetto he established ceased to exist only with the dissolution of the [[Papal States]] in 1870. Its walls were torn down in 1888.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

According to [[Leopold von Ranke]], a rigid austerity and an earnest zeal for the restoration of primitive habits became the dominant tendency of his papacy. Monks who had left their monasteries were expelled from the city and from the Papal States. He would no longer tolerate the practice by which one man had been allowed to enjoy the revenues of an office while delegating its duties to another.<ref name=Wines/>

All begging was forbidden. Even the collection of alms for Masses, which had previously been made by the clergy, was discontinued. A medal was struck representing [[Cleansing of the Temple|Christ driving the money changers]] from the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]]. Paul IV put in place a reform of the papal administration designed to stamp out trafficking of principal positions in the Curia.<ref name=John>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/pauliv/biography.html |title=John, Eric. ''The Popes'', Hawthorne Books, New York |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010235/https://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/pauliv/biography.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All secular offices, from the highest to the lowest, were assigned to others based on merit. Important economies were made, and taxes were proportionately remitted. Paul IV established a chest, of which only he held the key, for the purpose of receiving all complaints that anyone desired to make.<ref name=Wines>{{Cite web |url=https://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/paul.html |title=Wines, Roger. ''Leopold von Ranke: The Secret of World History'', (1981) |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818153805/http://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/paul.html |archive-date=18 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During his papacy, censorship reached new heights.{{sfn|Deming|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&pg=PA36 p.&nbsp;36]}} Among his first acts as pope was to cut off [[Michelangelo]]'s pension, and he ordered the nudes of ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' in the [[Sistine Chapel]] be painted more modestly (a request that Michelangelo ignored) (the beginning of the Vatican's [[Fig leaf]] campaign). Paul IV also introduced the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]] or "Index of Prohibited Books" to [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], then an independent and prosperous trading state, in order to crack down on the growing threat of Protestantism. Under his authority, all books written by Protestants were banned, together with Italian and German translations of the Latin Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remaking the world {{!}} Christian History Magazine |url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/ch122-remaking-the-world |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Christian History Institute |language=en}}</ref>

In the Papal States, a [[Marrano]] presence was noticeable. In Rome and, even more so, the seaport of [[Ancona]], they thrived under benevolent popes Clement VII (1523–34), Paul III (1534–49), and Julius III (1550–55). They even received a guarantee that if accused of [[apostasy]] they would be subject only to papal authority. But Paul IV (1555–59), the voice of the Counter-Reformation, dealt them an irreparable blow when he withdrew the protections previously given and initiated a campaign against them. As a result of this, 25 were burned at the stake in the spring of 1556.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Ioly Zorattini |first=Pier Cesare |year=2001–2002 |title=Ancora sui giudaizzanti portoghesi di Ancona (1556) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-km0vGgbbGEC&pg=PA39 |issue=5 |page=49 |journal=Zakhor. Rivista di storia degli ebrei d'Italia |isbn=978-88-8057-137-7 |language=it}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Jonathan Stewart |title=After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry |year=2013 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-2911-3 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref>

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by Paul IV}}
Throughout his pontificate, Paul IV named 46 cardinals in four consistories, including Michele Ghislieri (the future [[Pope Pius V]]). According to Robert Maryks, the pope decided to nominate the [[Jesuit]] priest [[Diego Laynez]] to the cardinalate. However, Father [[Alfonso Salmerón]] warned [[Saint Ignatius of Loyola]] of this, as did Cardinal [[Otto Truchsess von Waldburg]]. In response, Father [[Pedro de Ribadeneira]] repeated what the saint had said to him: "If our Lord does not lay down his hand, we will have Master Laínez a cardinal, but I certify to you, if it were, that it be with so much noise that the world would understand how the Society accepts these things".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xvi.htm#PaulIV|title=Pius IV (1555-1559)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|date=|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=10 March 2022}}</ref>