Editing Pope Martin IV (section)

==Papacy==
[[File:Medieval Papal bulla of Martin IV (FindID 140103).jpg|thumb| [[Papal bulla]] of Martin IV]]

Dependent on Charles of Anjou in nearly everything, the new Pope quickly appointed him to the position of [[Summus Senator|Senator of Rome]].<ref>Robert Brentano, ''Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome'' (Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press 1990), pp. 96–99; 120–125. Friedrich Bock, "Le trattive per la senatoria di Roman e Carlo d'Angiò", ''Archivio della Società romana di storia patria'' 78 (1955), 69–105.  Franco Bartolini, "Per la storia del Senato Romano nel secoli XII e XIII," ''Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo e Archivio Muratoriano'', 60 (1946), 1–108.  Luigi Pompili Olivieri, ''Il senato Romano''  I (Roma 1886), pp. 201–202.</ref> At the insistence of Charles, Martin IV [[excommunication|excommunicated]] the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman]] Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], who stood in the way of Charles's plans to restore the Latin Empire of the East that had been established in the aftermath of the [[Fourth Crusade]]. He thus broke the tenuous union which had been reached between the Greek and the Latin Churches at the [[Second Council of Lyons]] in 1274 and further compromise was rendered impossible.

In 1282, Charles lost control of the island of Sicily in the violent massacre known as the [[Sicilian Vespers]].<ref>Steven Runciman, ''The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century'' (Cambridge, England: University Press; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958).  ''I papi ed i vespri siciliani. Con documenti inediti'' (Roma, Stamperia vaticana, 1882). Michele Amari, ''La Guerra del vespro siciliano'' seconda edizione (Paris 1843). F. Soldevila, ''História de Catalunya'' (Barcelona 1962), I, pp. 377–402.</ref> The Sicilians had elected [[Peter III of Aragon]] as their king and sought papal confirmation, in vain, though they were willing to reconfirm Sicily as a [[vassal]] state of the papacy.  Martin IV used all the spiritual and material resources at his command against the Aragonese in order to preserve Sicily for the [[Capetian House of Anjou|House of Anjou]]. He excommunicated Peter III, declared his kingdom of Aragon forfeit, and ordered [[Aragonese Crusade|a crusade against him]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Jim |last=Bradbury |title=The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328 |location=London |publisher=Continuum Press |year=2007 |page=239 |isbn=9781852855284 }}</ref> but it was all in vain.

Due to the hostility of Raynerius, the Captain of Orvieto, in the repeated struggles between [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]], Pope Martin was unable to remain at Orvieto.<ref>A. Theiner, ''Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici'' 22 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), p. 537, under the year 1284, no. 17.</ref> He removed himself and the Papal Curia from Orvieto on 26 June 1284, and arrived in Perugia on 4 October.<ref>Edith Pasztor, "Per la storia dell'amministrazione dello stato pontificio sotto Martino IV."  ''Miscellanea in onore di Monsignor Martino Giusti'', Vol. 2 (Vatican City, 1978), pp.  181–194.</ref> He died at [[Perugia]] on 28 March 1285.

[[File:Orvieto in Italy.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The cathedral and town of Orvieto]]

Following the example of Nicholas III, Pope Martin IV created new cardinals at his first opportunity, on the [[Ember days|''Quattuor Tempora'']] of Lent, 12 April 1281.  His new cardinals included: Bernardus de Languissello of Nîmes, the Archbishop of Arles since 1273; Hugh of Evesham, Canon of York and Archdeacon of Worcester; Gervasius de Glincamp of Mans, Archdeacon of Paris; Comes Giusianus, Conte de Casate, of Milan, Auditor of the Rota; Gaufridus (Geoffroy) de Barro or Barbeau, of Burgundy, Dean of the Cathedral of Paris; Johannes Chauleti (Cholet), of the village of Nointre in the diocese of Beauvais, a personal friend of Philip III, Philip IV, and Pope Martin IV; and Benedetto Gaetano of Anagni, who was elected [[Pope Boniface VIII]] on 24 December 1295.  The French influence is strongly in evidence, and only Cardinal Gaetano came from the neighborhood of Rome.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}