Editing Pope John XXII (section)

=== Franciscan poverty ===
{{See also|Absolute poverty of Christ|Apostolic poverty}}

John XXII was determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, citing in support of their view [[Pope Nicholas III]]'s bull ''Exiit qui seminat''.{{sfn|Burnham|2008|p=73}} On 7 October 1317,{{sfn|Grieco|2013|p=149}} John XXII promulgated the bull ''Quorumdam exigit'', clarifying the earlier bulls issued by Nicholas III and Clement V, ''Exiit qui seminat'' and ''Exivi de paradiso'', and stating unequivocally that obedience was a greater virtue than chastity or poverty.{{sfn|Burnham|2008|p=46}} On 26 March 1322, with the bull ''Quia nonnunquam'', he removed the ban on discussion of ''Exiit qui seminat'',{{sfn|McClure|2017|p=29}} and commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would deny the church's right to have possessions. The Franciscan chapter held in [[Perugia]] in June 1322 responded with two encyclicals stating that all judgments made by the Roman Church were to be regarded as final and could not be revoked if they were not erroneous.{{sfn|Di Cristo|2022|p=75}} By the bull ''Ad conditorem canonum'' of 8 December 1322,{{sfn|Di Cristo|2022|p=75}} John XXII declared it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership. On 12 November 1323, he issued the bull ''Quum inter nonnullos'', which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatsoever.{{sfn|Schatz|1996|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Tierney|1972|p=181}}

[[File:Tombeau de Jean XXII.jpg|thumb|Tomb of John XXII in the Treasury room of the [[Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms d'Avignon]]]]
Influential members of the order protested, such as the minister general [[Michael of Cesena]], the English provincial [[William of Ockham]], and [[Bonagratia of Bergamo]]. In reply to the argument of his opponents that Nicholas III's bull ''Exiit qui seminat'' was fixed and irrevocable, John XXII issued the bull ''Quia quorundam'' on 10 November 1324,{{sfn|Di Cristo|2022|p=75}} in which he declared that it cannot be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing, adding: "Indeed, it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common, since living 'without property' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common."{{sfn|Di Cristo|2022|p=77}} With the bull ''Quia vir reprobus'' of 16 November 1329, John replied to Michael of Cesena's ''Appellatio''.{{sfn|Brett|2003|p=52}}