Editing Pope Clement XIV (section)

==Pontificate==
Clement XIV's policies were calculated from the outset to smooth the breaches with the Catholic crowns that had developed during the previous pontificate. The dispute between the temporal and the spiritual Catholic authorities was perceived as a threat by Church authority, and Clement XIV worked towards reconciliation with the European sovereigns.<ref name=Wilhelm/> By yielding the papal claims to [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza|Parma]], Clement XIV obtained the restitution of Avignon and Benevento and in general he succeeded in placing the relations of the spiritual and the temporal authorities on a friendlier footing. The pontiff went on to [[Suppression of the Jesuits|suppress the Jesuits]], writing the decree to this effect in November 1772 and signing it on 21 July 1773.<ref name=Pollen>{{CE1913|inline=1 |last=Pollen John |first=Hungerford |wstitle=The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773) |display=The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750–1773) |volume=14 }}</ref>

===Relations with the Jews===
His accession was welcomed by the [[Jew]]ish community who trusted that the man who, as councilor of the Holy Office, declared them, in a memorandum issued 21 March 1758, innocent of the slanderous blood accusation, would be no less just and humane toward them on the throne of Catholicism. Assigned by Pope Benedict XIV to investigate a charge against the Jews of Yanopol, Poland, Ganganelli not only refuted the claim, but showed that most of the similar claims since the thirteenth century were groundless. He deferred somewhat on the already [[beatified]] [[Simon of Trent]], in 1475, and [[Andreas Oxner|Andreas of Rinn]], but took the length of time before their beatifications as indicative that the veracity of the accusations raised significant doubts.<ref>o	C. Roth (ed.), The ritual murder libel and the Jew: the report by Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli (Pope Clement XIV), London, Woburn, 1935</ref>

===Suppression of the Jesuits===
{{main|Suppression of the Society of Jesus }}
[[File:Clemente XIV a cavallo di fronte a Castelgandolfo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Equestrian portrait|Portrait]] of Clement XIV on horseback in the countryside around [[Palace of Castel Gandolfo|Castel Gandolfo]], {{circa|1770s}}]]
The Jesuits had been expelled from [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]] (1754), Portugal (1759), France (1764), [[Spanish Empire|Spain and its colonies]] (1767), and [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]] (1768). With the accession of a new pope, the Bourbon monarchs pressed for the Society's total suppression. Clement XIV tried to placate their enemies by apparent unfriendly treatment of the Jesuits: he refused to meet the [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|superior general]], [[Lorenzo Ricci]], removed it from the administration of the [[Pontifical Irish College|Irish]] and [[Roman College]]s, and ordered them not to receive novices, etc.<ref name=Mccoog>{{cite web| url = https://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/jesuit-restoration-part-two-society-under-clement-xiv| title = McCoog SJ, Thomas M., "Jesuit Restoration - Part Two: The Society under Clement XIV", ''Thinking Faith'', 14 August 2014}}</ref>

The pressure kept building up to the point that Catholic countries were threatening to break away from the Church. Clement XIV ultimately yielded "in the name of peace of the Church and to avoid a secession in Europe" and suppressed the Society of Jesus by the brief ''[[Dominus ac Redemptor]]'' of 21 July 1773.<ref>Markus Friedrich, ''The Jesuits: A History'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022), pp. 575-76, 605-06.</ref>  However, in non-Catholic nations, particularly in [[Prussia]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]], where papal authority was not recognized, the order was ignored. It was a result of a series of political moves rather than a theological controversy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roehner |first=Bertrand M. |title=Jesuits and the State: A Comparative Study of their Expulsions (1590–1990) |journal=Religion |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=165–182 |year=1997 |doi=10.1006/reli.1996.0048 }}</ref>

===Mozart===
Pope Clement XIV and the customs of the Catholic Church in Rome are described in letters of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] and of his father [[Leopold Mozart]], written from Rome in April and May 1770 during their tour of Italy. Leopold found the upper clergy offensively haughty, but was received, with his son, by the pope, where Wolfgang demonstrated an amazing feat of musical memory. The papal chapel was famous for performing a ''[[Miserere (Allegri)|Miserere mei, Deus]]'' by the 17th-century composer [[Gregorio Allegri]], whose music was not to be copied outside of the chapel on pain of [[excommunication]]. The 14-year-old Wolfgang was able to transcribe the composition in its entirety after a single hearing. Clement made the young Mozart a knight of the [[Order of the Golden Spur]].<ref>Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, ''Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life: Selected Letters'', transl. Robert Spaethling, (W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 2000), 17.</ref>

Similarly, in 1774 German composer, [[Georg Joseph Vogler]] was also made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Spur.<ref name="Chisholm">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Vogler, Georg Joseph|volume=28|pages=171–172}}</ref>

===Activities===
{{main|Cardinals created by Clement XIV}}
Clement XIV [[Cardinals created by Clement XIV|elevated sixteen new cardinals]] into the cardinalate in twelve [[Papal consistory|consistories]] including [[Giovanni Angelo Braschi]],<ref>{{CE1913|inline=1 |last=Ott |first=Michael |title=Pope Pius VI |volume=12}}</ref> who succeeded him as Pope Pius VI.

The pope held no [[canonization]]s in his pontificate but he [[beatified]] a number of individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beatifications in the Pontificate of Pope Clement XIV |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/saints/beati-C14.htm |website=GCatholic.org |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>
* 4 June 1769: [[Francis Caracciolo (saint)|Francis Caracciolo]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.adornofathers.org/about-us/st-francis-caracciolo/| title = Capetola C.R.M., Fr. Nicholas, "History", Adorno Fathers}}</ref>
* 16 September 1769: [[Giuliana Puricelli]] from [[Busto Arsizio]], [[Bernhard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Bernard of Baden]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.badische-zeitung.de/bernhard-von-baden-soll-heiliggesprochen-werden| title = "Bernhard von Baden soll heiliggesprochen warden", ''Badische Zeitung'' 15 January 2011| date = 9 January 2011}}</ref>  & [[Caterina Moriggi|Catherine of Pallanza]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90061|author=Antonio Rimoldi |title=Blessed Caterina of Pallanza Moriggi|publisher=Santi e Beati}}</ref>
* 1771: [[Tommaso Bellacci]]
* 14 December 1771: [[Martyrs of Otranto]]
* 8 June 1772: [[Paul Burali d'Arezzo]]
* 29 August 1772: [[John dal Bastone]]
* 1773: [[Pope Benedict XI]] (formal beatification after [[Pope Clement XII]] confirmed the cultus)
* 1774: [[Saint Beatrice d'Este|Beatrix of Este the Younger]]