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==== Socio economic impacts ==== The health impacts of pollution have both direct and lasting social consequences. A 2021 study found that exposure to pollution causes an increase in violent crime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herrnstadt |first1=Evan |last2=Heyes |first2=Anthony |last3=Muehlegger |first3=Erich |last4=Saberian |first4=Soodeh |date=2021 |title=Air Pollution and Criminal Activity: Microgeographic Evidence from Chicago |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20190091 |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=70β100 |doi=10.1257/app.20190091 |issn=1945-7782 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/122348 |s2cid=226513602}}</ref> A 2019 paper linked pollution to adverse school outcomes for children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heissel |first1=Jennifer |last2=Persico |first2=Claudia |last3=Simon |first3=David |date=2019 |title=Does Pollution Drive Achievement? The Effect of Traffic Pollution on Academic Performance |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w25489 |doi=10.3386/w25489 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10945/61763 |s2cid=135425218 |website=National Bureau of Economic Research|series=Working Paper Series }}</ref> A number of studies show that pollution has an adverse effect on the productivity of both indoor and outdoor workers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zivin |first1=Joshua Graff |last2=Neidell |first2=Matthew |date=1 December 2012 |title=The Impact of Pollution on Worker Productivity |journal=American Economic Review |volume=102 |issue=7 |pages=3652β3673 |doi=10.1257/aer.102.7.3652 |issn=0002-8282 |pmc=4576916 |pmid=26401055}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Teng |last2=Liu |first2=Haoming |last3=Salvo |first3=Alberto |date=29 May 2015 |title=Severe Air Pollution and Labor Productivity |location=Rochester, NY |publisher=Social Science Research Network |ssrn=2581311}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neidell |first1=Matthew |last2=Gross |first2=Tal |last3=Graff Zivin |first3=Joshua |last4=Chang |first4=Tom Y. |date=2019 |title=The Effect of Pollution on Worker Productivity: Evidence from Call Center Workers in China |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w22328.pdf |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=151β172 |doi=10.1257/app.20160436 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free |s2cid=3329058}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salvo |first1=Alberto |last2=Liu |first2=Haoming |last3=He |first3=Jiaxiu |date=2019 |title=Severe Air Pollution and Labor Productivity: Evidence from Industrial Towns in China |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8916 |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=173β201 |doi=10.1257/app.20170286 |issn=1945-7782 |s2cid=41838178}}</ref>
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