Editing Plosive (section)

===Aspiration===
In '''[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] plosives''', the [[vocal cords]] (vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release.  In a prevocalic aspirated plosive (a plosive followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the plosive and the voice onset is called the ''[[voice onset time]]'' (VOT) or the ''aspiration interval''. Highly aspirated plosives have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic {{IPA|[h]}}) before the onset of the vowel. In [[Tenuis consonant|tenuis]] plosives, the vocal cords come together for voicing immediately following the release, and there is little or no aspiration (a voice onset time close to zero). In English, there may be a brief segment of breathy voice that identifies the plosive as voiceless and not voiced.  In voiced plosives, the vocal folds are set for voice before the release, and often vibrate during the entire hold, and in English, the voicing after release is not breathy.  A plosive is called "fully voiced" if it is voiced during the entire occlusion. In English, however, initial voiced plosives like {{IPA|/#b/}} or {{IPA|/#d/}} may have no voicing during the period of occlusion, or the voicing may start shortly before the release and continue after release, and word-final plosives tend to be fully devoiced: In most dialects of English, the final /b/, /d/ and /g/ in words like ''rib'', ''mad'' and ''dog'' are fully devoiced.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cruttenden, Alan Gimsons Pronunciation of English}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2018}}</ref> Initial voiceless plosives, like the ''p'' in ''pie'', are aspirated, with a palpable puff of air upon release, whereas a plosive after an ''s'', as in ''spy'', is [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] (unaspirated). When spoken near a candle flame, the flame will flicker more after the words ''par, tar,'' and ''car'' are articulated, compared with ''spar, star,'' and ''scar''.  In the common pronunciation of ''papa'', the initial ''p'' is aspirated whereas the medial ''p'' is not.