Editing Piri Reis (section)

=== Piri Reis map of 1513 ===
{{main|Piri Reis map}}
[[Image:Piri reis world map 01.jpg|thumb|alt=map of the Atlantic with Arabic writing|right|Surviving fragment of the first world map of Piri Reis (1513)]]

The Piri Reis map of 1513 is a [[world map]] compiled from a range of contemporary and [[Classical antiquity|classical]] sources.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p140"/> Approximately one third of the map survives,<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=8–9}}.</ref> housed in the [[Topkapı Palace]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|p=41}}.</ref> The finished manuscript was dated to the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]] 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|p=42}}.</ref> After the empire's conquest of [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Selim I, and the map vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=871}}.</ref><ref name="Soucek-1992-p270" />

When rediscovered in 1929,<ref name="Şengör-2004-cites">{{multiref |{{harvnb|Şengör|2004}} cites: |{{harvnb|Adıvar|1939|pp=59–60}}.}}</ref> the remaining fragment garnered international attention for including a partial copy of an otherwise lost map by [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref name="Gerber-2010-p199">{{harvnb|Gerber|2010|p=199}}.</ref>{{efn|There is disagreement on how much of the map draws from Columbus. Paul Kahle and most later scholars attributed everything north and west of the phantom island Antilia to this source.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kahle|1933|p=628}}; |{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=37–40}}; |{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=131–133}}.}}</ref> Svat Soucek expressed doubts about Kahle's "supposed connection",<ref name="Soucek 1992 270–271">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=270–271}}.</ref> and commented that "as for the 'map made by Columbus', Piri Reis' own map shows that he must also have used other sources depicting South America (specifically, the eastern bulge of the continent, thus Brazil), which Columbus could not have known" about when the map would have been produced.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p140">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=140}}.</ref> Gregory McIntosh found that Cuba, Central America, and Hispaniola could be clearly attributed to an early map from Columbus,<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2014|p=372}}.</ref> but not necessarily the [[Lesser Antilles]]. McIntosh noted that the duplication of some features like the Virgin Islands indicated an attempt to join a second map in that area.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=134–139}}.</ref>}} The map's longest inscription tells the story of Columbus' discovery of the Americas and states that Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had sailed with Columbus. The inscription credits some portion of the Americas to a map their prisoner had received from Columbus.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 7}}.</ref> Scholarly analysis of the placenames, knowledge of the Americas, and cartographic misconceptions indicates that Piri Reis likely did use a map composed during one of Columbus' early voyages to the Americas.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 10}}.</ref>

[[File:CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg|thumb|alt=Side by side outlines of the map's depiction of the Caribbean and the Behaim globe's depiction of Asia's east coast show different coastlines but a similar arrangement of land masses.|Comparison of Piri Reis' Caribbean (left) to [[Erdapfel|Martin Behaim's Asia]] (right)]]

The map is a [[portolan chart]] with [[compass rose]]s from which lines of bearing radiate.<ref name="Dutch-2010"/> Designed for navigation via [[dead reckoning]],<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=60–61}}.</ref> portolan charts use a [[windrose network]] rather than a [[Geographic coordinate system|longitude and latitude grid]].<ref name="Dutch-2010">{{harvnb|Dutch|2010}}.</ref> It contains extensive notes primarily in [[Ottoman Turkish]].<ref name="McIntosh-2000b">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000b|p=21}}.</ref> The [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] in Arabic is written in a different handwriting,<ref name="Soucek-2013-p139">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=139}}.</ref> likely that of Piri Reis himself.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p15"/> The depiction of South America is detailed and accurate for its time.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=35, 38}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1996|pp=58, 73–74}}.</ref> The northwestern coast combines features of Central America and Cuba into a single body of land. Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the [[Caribbean]] to a now-lost map from Columbus that merged Cuba into the Asian mainland and [[Hispaniola]] with [[Marco Polo]]'s description of Japan.<ref name="Gaspar-2015-pp1-3">{{harvnb|Gaspar|2015|pp=1–3}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=91}}.</ref> This reflects Columbus's erroneous claim that he had found a new route to Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=114, 136}}.</ref> The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is most likely a version of ''[[Terra Australis]]''.<ref name="Cuoghi-2002">{{harvnb|Cuoghi|2002}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=68}}.</ref>

The map is visually distinct from European portolan charts, influenced by the [[Islamic miniature]] tradition.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|p=71}}.</ref> It was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1994|pp=123, 129}}.</ref> Historian Karen Pinto has described the positive portrayal of [[legendary creature]]s from the edge of the known world in the Americas as breaking away from the medieval Islamic idea of an impassable "Encircling Ocean" surrounding the [[Old World]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|pp=80, 90}}.</ref> Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the [[Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world#History|traditional maps]]—which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts.<ref name="Pinto-2012">{{harvnb|Pinto|2012}}.</ref>

There are conflicting interpretations of the map.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=2}}.</ref> Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=15–18}}.</ref> Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or [[List of mythological places|mythical places]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=26, 30, 41, 100}}.</ref> Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of the Americas not officially discovered by 1513,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cuoghi|2002}}; | {{harvnb|Dutch|2010}}.}}</ref> but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day [[Cananéia]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=37–38}}.</ref> A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 6}}.</ref>