Editing Phonation (section)

==Supra-glottal phonation==
In the last few decades it has become apparent that phonation may involve the entire larynx, with as many as six valves and muscles working either independently or together. From the glottis upward, these articulations are:<ref name="Edmondson">{{cite journal
| last = Edmondson
| first = Jerold A.
|author2=John H. Esling
| title = The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register, and stress: laryngoscopic case studies
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| journal = Phonology
| volume = 23
| pages = 157–191
| year = 2005
| doi = 10.1017/S095267570600087X
| issue = 2| s2cid = 62531440
}}</ref>
#[[glottis|glottal]] (the vocal cords), producing the distinctions described above
#[[Ventricle of the larynx|ventricular]] (the 'false vocal cords', partially covering and damping the glottis)
#[[arytenoid muscle|arytenoid]] ([[sphincter]]ic compression forwards and upwards)
#[[Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant|epiglotto-pharyngeal]] (retraction of the tongue and [[epiglottis]], potentially closing onto the pharyngeal wall)
#raising or lowering of the entire [[larynx]]
#narrowing of the [[human pharynx|pharynx]]

Until the development of [[fiber optics|fiber-optic]] [[laryngoscopy]], the full involvement of the larynx during speech production was not observable, and the interactions among the six laryngeal articulators is still poorly understood. However, at least two supra-glottal phonations appear to be widespread in the world's languages. These are [[harsh voice]] ('ventricular' or 'pressed' voice), which involves overall constriction of the larynx, and [[faucalized voice]] ('hollow' or 'yawny' voice), which involves overall expansion of the larynx.<ref name="Edmondson"/>

The Bor dialect of [[Dinka language|Dinka]] has contrastive modal, breathy, faucalized, and harsh voice in its vowels, as well as three tones. The ''ad hoc'' diacritics employed in the literature are a subscript double quotation mark for faucalized voice, {{IPA|[a͈]}}, and underlining for harsh voice, {{IPA|[a̠]}}.<ref name="Edmondson"/> Examples are,

{| class=wikitable
|- align="center"
!Voice!!modal!!breathy!!harsh!!faucalized
|- align="center"
|'''Bor Dinka'''||{{IPA|tɕìt}}||{{IPA|tɕì̤t}}||{{IPA|tɕì̠t}}||{{IPA|tɕì͈t}}
|- align="center"
| ||''diarrhea''||''go ahead''||''scorpions''||''to swallow''
|}

Other languages with these contrasts are [[Bai language|Bai]] (modal, breathy, and harsh voice), [[Grũsi languages|Kabiye]] (faucalized and harsh voice, previously seen as [[Advanced tongue root|±ATR]]), [[Somali language|Somali]] (breathy and harsh voice).<ref name="Edmondson"/>

Elements of laryngeal articulation or phonation may occur widely in the world's languages as phonetic detail even when not phonemically contrastive. For example, simultaneous glottal, ventricular, and arytenoid activity (for something other than [[epiglottal consonant]]s) has been observed in [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Nootka language|Nuuchahnulth]], [[Thompson language|Nlaka'pamux]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Sui language|Sui]], [[Amis language|Amis]], [[Pame language|Pame]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], and [[Yi language|Yi]].<ref name="Edmondson"/>