Editing Philadelphia (section)

===20th century===
By the 20th century, Philadelphia had an entrenched [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[political machine]] and a complacent population.{{clarify|date=August 2024|reason=What is meant by a "complacent population"?}}<ref>''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 535, 537</ref> In 1910, [[Philadelphia general strike (1910)|a general strike]] shut down the entire city.<ref name="AFL">Foner, Philip S. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143 The General Strike in Philadelphia—1910] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713051302/https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143 |date=July 13, 2023 }}'' Ch 6 of History of the labor movement in the United States, Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era 1910 - 1915. International Publishers Co. {{ISBN|0-7178-0562-X}}. Accessed June 29, 2011, at Google Books.</ref>

In 1917, following outrage over the election-year murder of a Philadelphia police officer, the [[Philadelphia City Council|City Council]] shrank from two houses to just one.<ref>''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 563 – 564</ref> In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a [[Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer|race riot]] during [[Red Summer]] in post-[[World War I]] unrest as recent immigrants competed with Blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] laws, [[organized crime]], mob violence, and corrupt police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of [[Brigadier general|Brig. Gen.]] [[Smedley Butler]] of the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] as the city's director of public safety, but political pressure still prevented long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.<ref>''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 578 – 581</ref>

In 1940, [[non-Hispanic whites]] constituted 86.8% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> In 1950, the population peaked at more than two million residents, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry that led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization enticed many affluent residents to depart the city for its outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. The resulting reduction in Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment, and it approached bankruptcy by the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf |title=Continuing Economic Decline: A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia |date=October 15, 1996 |journal=White Paper |access-date=September 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910172147/http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia's Changing Middle Class: After Decades of Decline, Prospects for Growth |url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth |website=www.pewtrusts.org |date=February 24, 2014 |access-date=September 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024050/http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1985, the [[1985 MOVE bombing|MOVE Bombing]] of the [[Cobbs Creek, Philadelphia|Cobbs Creek]] neighborhood by city helicopters occurred, killing 11 and destroying 61 homes.<ref name="Demby 2015">{{cite web |last1=Demby |first1=Gene |date=May 13, 2015 |title=I'm From Philly. 30 Years Later, I'm Still Trying To Make Sense Of The MOVE Bombing |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=NPR |publisher=National Public Radio, Inc. |ref=Demby 2015 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111094018/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Revitalization and [[gentrification]] of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century with much of the development occurring in the [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] and [[University City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|University City]] neighborhoods. But this expanded a shortage of [[affordable housing]] in the city. After many manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination. Contemporary glass-and-granite [[List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia|skyscrapers]] were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s. Historic areas such as [[Old City, Philadelphia|Old City]] and [[Society Hill]] were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s, making both areas among the most desirable Center City neighborhoods. Immigrants from around the world began to enter the U.S. through Philadelphia as their gateway, leading to a reversal of the city's population decline between 1950 and 2000, during which it lost about 25 percent of its residents.<ref>''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 44–45</ref><ref>''A Concise History of Philadelphia'', page 78</ref>