Editing Pharaoh (section)

== Crowns and headdresses ==
{{Main|Crowns of Egypt}}
{{multiple image|align=center|total_width=640
|header=Narmer Palette
|image1=NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfNarmer-ROM.png
|image2=NarmerPalette-CloseUpOfProcession-ROM.png
|caption1= Narmer wearing the white crown |caption2=Narmer wearing the red crown
}}

=== Deshret ===
[[File:GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg|thumb|A guardian statue wearing the red crown which reflected the facial features of the reigning king, probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II, and which functioned as a divine guardian for the [[Imiut fetish|imiut]]. Made of cedar wood and plaster {{circa}} 1919–1885 BCE<ref>{{cite web |title=Guardian Figure |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118055621/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The red crown of Lower Egypt, the [[Deshret]] crown, dates back to pre-dynastic times and symbolised chief ruler. A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from [[Naqada]], and later, [[Narmer]] is shown wearing the red crown on both the [[Narmer Macehead]] and the [[Narmer Palette]].

=== Hedjet ===
The white crown of Upper Egypt, the [[Hedjet]], was worn in the Predynastic Period by [[Scorpion II]], and, later, by Narmer.

=== Pschent ===
This is the combination of the Deshret and Hedjet crowns into a double crown, called the [[Pschent]] crown. It is first documented in the middle of the [[First Dynasty of Egypt]]. The earliest depiction may date to the reign of [[Djet]], and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]].<ref name="TW">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. ''Early Dynastic Egypt''. Routledge, 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-415-26011-4}}</ref>

=== Khat ===
[[File:IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|thumb|right|Uraeus depicted on king [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]], ivory label found at his tomb in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]], {{Circa|3000 BCE}}, [[British Museum]], [[London]]]]
The [[Khat (apparel)|''khat'']] headdress consists of a kind of "kerchief" whose end is tied similarly to a [[ponytail]]. The earliest depictions of the ''khat'' headdress comes from the reign of [[Den (pharaoh)|Den]], but is not found again until the reign of [[Djoser]].

=== Nemes ===
The [[Nemes]] headdress dates from the time of [[Djoser]]. It is the most common type of royal headgear depicted throughout Pharaonic Egypt. Any other type of crown, apart from the Khat headdress, has been commonly depicted on top of the Nemes. The statue from his [[Serdab]] in [[Saqqara]] shows the king wearing the ''nemes'' headdress.<ref name="TW"/>
[[File:Kneeling Statuette of Pepy I, ca. 2338-2298 B.C.E., 39.121.jpg|left|thumb|Statuette of [[Pepi I Meryre|Pepy I]] ({{circa|2338}}–2298 BCE) wearing a nemes headdress [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[New York City|New York]] ]]

=== Atef ===
[[Osiris]] is shown to wear the [[Atef]] crown, which is an elaborate [[Hedjet]] with feathers and disks. Depictions of kings wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom.

=== Hemhem ===
The [[Hemhem crown]] is usually depicted on top of [[Nemes]], [[Pschent]], or [[Deshret]] crowns. It is an ornate, triple [[Atef]] with corkscrew sheep horns and usually two uraei. The depiction of this crown begins among New Kingdom rulers during the Early [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]].

=== Khepresh ===
[[File:Kestner Museum 07.jpg|thumb|150px|Khepresh crown on [[Akhenaten]], 18th dynasty]]
Also called the blue crown, the [[Khepresh]] crown has been depicted in art since the New Kingdom. It is often depicted being worn in battle, but it was also frequently worn during ceremonies. It used to be called a war crown by many, but modern historians refrain from defining it thus.

=== Physical evidence ===
Egyptologist [[Bob Brier]] has noted that despite their widespread depiction in royal portraits, no ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. The tomb of [[Tutankhamun]] that was discovered largely intact, contained such royal regalia as a [[crook and flail]], but no crown was found among his funerary equipment. Diadems have been discovered.<ref>Shaw, Garry J. ''The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign''. Thames and Hudson, 2012, pp.&nbsp;21, 77.</ref> It is presumed that crowns would have been believed to have magical properties and were used in rituals. Brier's speculation is that crowns were religious or state items, so a dead king likely could not retain a crown as a personal possession. The crowns may have been passed along to the successor, much as the crowns of modern monarchies.<ref>Bob Brier, ''The Murder of Tutankhamen'', 1998, p. 95.</ref>