Editing Peter the Great (section)

====Deptford====
[[File:Peter I by Kneller.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Peter I by [[Godfrey Kneller]], 1698. This portrait was Peter's gift to the King of England.|left]]
[[File:Woolwich Dockyard, 1698.jpg|thumb|Woolwich Dockyard in 1698: the recently erected Great Storehouse (centre-right) dominates the built environment of the dockyard.]]

On 11 January 1698 ([[Old Style|O.S.]]), Peter arrived at [[Victoria Embankment]] with four chamberlains, three interpreters ([[Peter Shafirov]], LeFort), two clock makers, a cook, a priest, six trumpeters, 70 soldiers from the [[Preobrazhensky regiment]], four dwarfs and a monkey which he purchased in Amsterdam; Jacob Bruce accompanied him. Peter stayed at 21 [[Norfolk Street, Strand]], and met with Bishop of Salisbury [[Gilbert Burnet]] and [[Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds|Thomas Osborne]] and posed for Sir [[Godfrey Kneller]]. He watched the proceedings within the [[Parliament]] from a rooftop window.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite book |last=Cross |first=Anthony |date= 2000 |title=Peter the Great Through British Eyes: Perceptions and Representations of the Tsar Since 1698 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaDIN2GaXtIC&pg=PA22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78298-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref> At some time, he had an affair with actress [[Letitia Cross]].<ref name="auto7"/> He visited the [[Royal Mint]] four times; it is not clear whether he ever met [[Isaac Newton]], the [[Warden of the Mint|mint's warden]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/newtonrussiaearl0000unse Boss, Valentin, (2002) Newton and Russia : the early influence, 1698–1796]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674733527.c4/html |chapter=1. Did Peter the Great Meet Newton? |date=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=9–18 |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674733527.c4 |via=www.degruyter.com |title=Newton and Russia |isbn=978-0-674-73352-7 }}</ref> who introduced [[milling (minting)|milling]] on the coinage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter the Great |url=https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk//journal/people/peter-the-great/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Peter was impressed by the [[Great Recoinage of 1696]], according to Massie.{{Cn|date=April 2024}}

At some time he visited [[Spithead]], [[Plymouth]], with captain John Perry to watch a [[mock battle]].<ref>{{Cite DNB |wstitle= Perry, John |volume= 45 |last= Moriarty |first= Gerald Patrick |author-link= |pages= 35–36 |short= 1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clerk |first=Halley's |date=2013-06-20 |title=Halley and Peter the Great |url=https://halleyslog.wordpress.com/2013/06/20/halley-and-peter-the-great/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Halley's Log |language=en}}</ref> In February he attended a [[Fleet Review]] in [[Deptford, London|Deptford]], and inspected the [[Woolwich Dockyard]] and [[Royal Arsenal]] with [[Anthony Deane (shipwright)|Anthony Deane]]. For three months he stayed at [[Sayes Court]] as the guest of [[John Evelyn]], a member of the [[Royal Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter the Great trashed here |url=https://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=1249 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.shadyoldlady.com}}</ref> He was trained on a telescope at the [[Greenwich Observatory]] by [[John Flamsteed]]. Peter communicated with [[Thomas Story]] and [[William Penn]] about their position that believers should not join the military.<ref>Thomas Pym Cope, Passages from the Life and Writings of William Penn, 1882, p. 436</ref><ref name="auto7"/> King William III presented a [[schooner]] with a whole crew to Peter I in exchange for the monopoly right of English merchants to trade tobacco in Russia (see [[Charles Whitworth, 1st Baron Whitworth|Charles Whitworth]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter the Great's favourite yacht found in the Baltic Sea |url=https://itboat.com/news/1255-peter-the-great-s-favourite-yacht-found-in-the-baltic-sea |access-date=2024-05-07}}</ref> At the end of April 1698 he left after being shown how to make watches, and carpeting coffins. Back in Holland he visited Harderwijk and Cleves.

The Embassy next went to Leipzig, Dresden, where he met with [[Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth|Queen Christiane Eberhardine]] of Poland-Lithuania. Three times he visited the [[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden|Kunstsammlung]], then [[Königstein Fortress]], Prague, Vienna, to pay a visit to [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]].{{Sfn|Massie|1980|p=191}} At [[Rava-Ruska]], he crossed the border and Peter spoke with [[Augustus II the Strong]]. Peter's visit was cut short, when he was informed of the second [[Streltsy uprising]] in June. The rebellion was easily crushed by [[Patrick Gordon|General Gordon]] before Peter returned home early September.<ref>A. Gordon (1755), p. 307</ref> Peter nevertheless acted ruthlessly towards the mutineers; 4,600 rebels were sent to prison. Around 1,182 were tortured and executed, and Peter ordered that their bodies be publicly exhibited as a warning to future conspirators.{{Sfn|Riasanovsky|2000|p=220}} The Streltsy were disbanded, and Peter's half-sister Sophia, who they sought to put on the throne, was kept in strictest seclusion at [[Novodevichy Convent]].

Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to wear European clothing (no [[caftans]]) and cut off their long beards, causing [[Boyar|Boyars]] and [[Old Believers]], who were very fond of their beards, great upset.<ref name="Boyar beard article">{{Cite web |first=O.L. |last=D'Or |title=Russia as an Empire |url=http://english.mn.ru/english/issue.php?2002-46-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603182321/http://english.mn.ru/english/issue.php?2002-46-3 |archive-date=3 June 2006 |access-date=21 March 2008 |website=The Moscow News weekly |pages=Russian |format=PHP}}</ref> Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual [[beard tax]] of one hundred [[Russian ruble|rubles]].{{Sfn|Riasanovsky|2000|p=221}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbott |first=Peter |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21889/21889-h/21889-h.htm |title=Peter the Great |publisher=Project Gutenberg online edition |date=1902}}</ref> In the same year, Peter also sought to end [[arranged marriage]]s, which were the norm among the [[Russian nobility]], because he thought such a practice was barbaric and led to domestic violence, since the partners usually resented each other.{{Sfn|Dmytryshyn|1974|p=21}}