Editing Peripheral membrane protein (section)

===Protein–lipid electrostatic interactions===
Any positively charged protein will be attracted to a negatively charged membrane by nonspecific [[electrostatic]] interactions. However, not all peripheral peptides and proteins are cationic, and only certain sides of [[biological membranes|membrane]] are negatively charged. These include the cytoplasmic side of [[Cell membrane|plasma membrane]]s, the outer leaflet of [[bacterial outer membrane]]s and [[mitochondria]]l membranes. Therefore, [[electrostatic|electrostatic interactions]] play an important role in [[Protein targeting|membrane targeting]] of [[electron]] carriers such as [[cytochrome c]], cationic toxins such as [[charybdotoxin]], and specific membrane-targeting domains such as some [[PH domain]]s, [[C1 domain]]s, and [[C2 domain]]s.

Electrostatic interactions are strongly dependent on the [[ionic strength]] of the solution. These interactions are relatively weak at the physiological ionic strength ([[Molar solution|0.14M NaCl]]): ~3 to 4 kcal/mol for small cationic proteins, such as [[cytochrome c]], [[charybdotoxin]] or [[hisactophilin]].<ref name="Hanakam_1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanakam F, Gerisch G, Lotz S, Alt T, Seelig A | title = Binding of hisactophilin I and II to lipid membranes is controlled by a pH-dependent myristoyl-histidine switch | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 35 | issue = 34 | pages = 11036–11044 | date = August 1996 | pmid = 8780505 | doi = 10.1021/bi960789j }}</ref><ref name="Ben-Tal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ben-Tal N, Honig B, Miller C, McLaughlin S | title = Electrostatic binding of proteins to membranes. Theoretical predictions and experimental results with charybdotoxin and phospholipid vesicles | journal = Biophysical Journal | volume = 73 | issue = 4 | pages = 1717–1727 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9336168 | pmc = 1181073 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78203-1 | bibcode = 1997BpJ....73.1717B }}</ref><ref name="Sankaram_1993">{{cite book| vauthors = Sankaram MB, Marsh D |chapter=Protein-lipid interactions with peripheral membrane proteins |title=Protein-lipid interactions | veditors = Watts A |pages=127–162 |publisher=Elsevier |year=1993 |isbn=0-444-81575-9}}</ref>