Editing Pergamon (section)

===Byzantine period===
In AD 663/4, Pergamon was captured by raiding [[Rashidun caliphate|Arabs]] for the first time.<ref name="ODB">{{ODB|title=Pergamon|last=Foss|first=Clive|page=1628}}</ref> As a result of the ongoing Arab threat, the area of settlement retracted to the [[acropolis]], which the Emperor [[Constans II]] ({{reign|641|668}}) fortified<ref name="ODB"/> with a {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=mid|-thick|sp=us}} wall built of [[spolia]].

During the middle Byzantine period, the city was part of the [[Thracesian Theme]],<ref name="ODB"/> and from the time of [[Leo VI the Wise]] ({{reign|886|912}}) of the [[Theme of Samos]].<ref name="EI2"/> 7th-century sources attest an [[Armenians|Armenian]] community in Pergamon, probably formed of refugees from the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]]; this community produced the emperor [[Philippicus]] ({{reign|711|713}}).<ref name="ODB"/><ref name="EI2">{{EI2|title=Bergama|last=Parry|first=V. J.|volume=1|page=1187}}</ref> In 716, Pergamon was sacked again by the armies of [[Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik]]. It was again rebuilt and refortified after the Arabs abandoned their  [[Siege of Constantinople (717)|Siege of Constantinople]] in 717–718.<ref name="ODB"/><ref name="EI2"/>

Pergamon suffered from the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] invasion of western Anatolia after the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071. Attacks in 1109 and 1113 largely destroyed the city, which was only rebuilt, by Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] ({{reign|1143|1180}}), around 1170. It likely became the capital of the new theme of [[Neokastra]], established by Manuel.<ref name="ODB"/><ref name="EI2"/> Under [[Isaac II Angelos]] ({{reign|1185|1195}}), the [[Metropolis of Pergamon|local see]] was promoted to a [[metropolitan bishopric]], having previously been a [[suffragan diocese]] of the [[Metropolis of Ephesus]].<ref name="EI2"/>

After the [[Sack of Constantinople]] in 1204 during the [[Fourth Crusade]], Pergamon became part of the [[Empire of Nicaea]].<ref name="EI2"/> When Emperor [[Theodore II Laskaris]] ({{reign|1254|1285}}) visited Pergamon in 1250, he was shown the house of Galen, but he saw that the theatre had been destroyed and, except for the walls which he paid some attention to, only the vaults over the Selinus seemed noteworthy to him. The monuments of the Attalids and the Romans were only plundered ruins by this time.

With the expansion of the [[Anatolian beyliks]], Pergamon was absorbed into the beylik of [[Karasids]] shortly after 1300, and then conquered by the [[Ottoman beylik]].<ref name="EI2"/> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Murad III]] had two large [[alabaster]] urns transported from the ruins of Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 - Page 526</ref>