Editing Paul Broca (section)

==== Craniometry ====
[[File:Color of Skin after G Gerland.jpg|thumb|Map of Color of Skin: Figures indicate tint in Broca's scale]]
Broca is known for making contributions towards [[History of anthropometry|anthropometry]]&mdash;the scientific approach to measurements of human physical features. He developed numerous instruments and data points that were the basis of current methods of medical and archeological [[craniometry]]. Specifically, cranial points like [[glabella]] and [[External occipital protuberance|inion]] and instruments like craniograph and stereograph.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Physical Anthropology, an Encyclopedia Volume 1|last=Spencer|first=Frank|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1997|pages=87}}</ref> Unlike Morton, who believed that a subject's brain size was the main indicator of intelligence, Broca thought that there were other factors that were more important. These included [[Prognathism|prognathic]] facial angles, with closer to right angles indicating higher intelligence, and the [[cephalic index]] relationship between the brain's length and width, that was directly proportional with intelligence, with the most intelligent European group being 'long headed', while the least intelligent Negro group being 'short headed'.<ref name=":1">Ashok, 2017, p. 32</ref> He thought that the most important aspect, was the relative size between the frontal and rear areas of the brain, with Caucasians having a larger frontal area than Negroes.<ref name=":1" /> Broca eventually came to the conclusion that larger skulls were not associated with higher intelligence, but still believed brain size was important in some aspects such as social progress, material security, and education.<ref>(This Week in the History of Psychology: Stanley Finger on the trailblazing neurologist, Paul Broca, and his patient, "Tan." [Audio blog interview].</ref>{{Refn|As of 2016, several meta-studies have shown, that in humans, there is a weak correlation between brain size and general intelligence, with results ranging from 9 to 15 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koch|first=Christof|title=Does Brain Size Matter?|journal=Scientific American Mind|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=22–25|doi=10.1038/scientificamericanmind0116-22|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2017|title=Brain volume and intelligence: The moderating role of intelligence measurement quality|journal=Intelligence|language=en|volume=64|pages=18–29|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2017.06.004|issn=0160-2896|author=Gignac Gilles E., Bates Timothy C.|hdl=20.500.11820/a61135a7-6389-4f5c-9a4e-24403ba7e873|s2cid=84839916 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/39346142/GignacBatesI2017BrainVolumeAndIntelligence2.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>|name=|group=n}} He compared [[Brain size|cranial capacity]] of different types of Parisian skulls. In doing so he found that the average oldest Parisian skull was smaller than a modern, wealthier Parisian skull and that both were bigger than the average skull from a poor Parisian's grave.{{Refn|In that study, Broca's primary purpose was to compare brain sizes and shapes of Basque and French populations, and participated in digging up 60 skulls from Basque graves while vacationing in Pyrenees.<ref>Schiller, 1979, pp. 149–50</ref>|group=n}} Aside from his approaches to craniometry, Broca made other contributions to anthropometry, such as developing field work scales and measuring techniques for classifying eye, skin, and hair color, designed to resist water and sunlight damage.<ref>Schiller, 1979, pp. 163–64.</ref>