Editing Partitions of Poland (section)

== Fourth Partition ==
[[File:Territorial changes of Poland 1815.jpg|thumb|right|The partition of the Duchy of Warsaw according to the [[Congress of Vienna]]; division of Polish territories in 1815]]
[[File:Occupation of Poland 1939.png|thumb|right|The partition of Poland according to [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|the German–Soviet Pact]]; division of Polish territories in 1939–1941]]
The term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any subsequent division of Polish lands, including:
* after the [[Napoleonic era]], the 1815 division of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] at the [[Congress of Vienna]];
* the 1832 incorporation of the "[[Congress Poland|Congress Kingdom]]" into Russia, the 1846 incorporation of the [[Free City of Cracow|Republic of Kraków]] into Austria, and the 1848 incorporation of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] into Prussia; and
* the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|1939 division of Poland]] between [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] pursuant to the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]].<ref name="Brecher">{{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Brecher |first2=Jonathan |last2=Wilkenfeld |title=A Study of Crisis |year=1997 |pages=255 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-10806-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&q=Zeligowski+state&pg=PA255 }}</ref>
If one accepts more than one of those events as partitions, fifth, sixth, and even seventh partitions can be counted, but these terms are very rare. (For example, [[Norman Davies]] in ''[[God's Playground]]'' refers to the 1807 creation of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] as the fourth partition, the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna|Treaty of Vienna]] as the fifth, the 1918 [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] as the sixth, and the 1939 [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the USSR]] as the seventh.)<ref>Norman Davies. ''God's Playground: A History of Poland: 1795 to the Present''. [[Oxford University Press]]. 2005. pp. 218, 225, 284, 321.</ref> However, in recent times, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna and the 1939 division of Poland have been sometimes called the fourth and fifth partitions, respectively.

The term "Fourth Partition" was also used in the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to diaspora communities who maintained a close interest in the project of regaining Polish independence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cygan |first=Mary |year=1998 |title=Inventing Polonia: Notions of Polish American Identity, 1870–1990 |journal=Prospects |volume=23 |pages=209–246|doi=10.1017/S0361233300006335 }}</ref> Sometimes termed [[Polish diaspora|Polonia]], these expatriate communities often contributed funding and military support to the project of regaining the Polish nation-state. Diaspora politics were deeply affected by developments in and around the homeland, and vice versa, for many decades.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lopata |first=Helena Znaniecka |year=1994 |title=Polish Americans |publisher=Transaction }}</ref>