Editing Paris (section)

===20th and 21st centuries===
{{See also|Paris in the Belle Époque|Paris during the First World War|Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Paris in World War II|History of Paris (1946–2000)}}
By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|p=61}} At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], and [[Henri Matisse]] made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]] and [[abstract art]],{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=497}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=dead |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |first=Dan |last=Franck |date=1 December 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8021-9740-5}}</ref> and authors such as [[Marcel Proust]] were exploring new approaches to literature.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=491}}

During the [[First World War]], Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the [[First Battle of the Marne]]. The city was also bombed by [[Zeppelin]]s and shelled by German [[Paris Gun|long-range guns]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=750}} In the years after the war, known as ''[[Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Les Années Folles]]'', Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[James Joyce]], [[Josephine Baker]], [[Eva Kotchever]], [[Henry Miller]], [[Anaïs Nin]], [[Sidney Bechet]]<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22537-4}},</ref> and [[Salvador Dalí]].<ref name=Meisler>{{cite web |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=12 July 2014 |date=April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the years after the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|peace conference]], the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from [[French colonial empire|French colonies]] and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]].<ref>Goebel, [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor ''Anti-Imperial Metropolis''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor |date=4 September 2015 }}.</ref>

[[File:The Liberation of Paris, 25 - 26 August 1944 HU66477.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles de Gaulle]] on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944]]
On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "[[open city]]".{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=217}} On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup|''Vel d'Hiv'']], from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. None of the children came back.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=637}}{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=218}} On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the [[2nd Armored Division (France)|French 2nd Armoured Division]] and the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] of the [[United States Army]]. General [[Charles de Gaulle]] led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=242–243}}

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the [[Algerian War]] for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to [[Paris massacre of 1961|violent confrontations]] between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence [[Organisation armée secrète]] (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |title=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on |author=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live |date=17 October 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=658}}

In May 1968, protesting students occupied the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]] and put up barricades in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The [[May 1968 events in France]] resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=226}} In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, [[Jacques Chirac]] became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The [[Tour Montparnasse|Tour Maine-Montparnasse]], the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and {{cvt|210|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}} The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107–108}} A suburban railway network, the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}

Most of the postwar presidents of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President [[Georges Pompidou]] started the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] (1977), [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] began the [[Musée d'Orsay]] (1986); President [[François Mitterrand]] had the [[Opéra Bastille]] built (1985–1989), the new site of the ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]'' (1996), the [[Arche de la Défense]] (1985–1989) in [[La Défense]], as well as the [[Louvre Pyramid]] with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); [[Jacques Chirac]] (2006), the [[Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac|Musée du quai Branly]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226–230}}

In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, [[Bertrand Delanoë]] became the first socialist mayor. He was re-elected in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe – Mayor of Paris |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |website=www.citymayors.com |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722044933/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/paris_mayor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic, he introduced the [[Vélib']], a system which rents bicycles. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the [[Promenade des Berges de la Seine]], which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens |journal=Le Moniteur |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=2 December 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Marche hommage Charlie hebdo et aux victimes des attentats de janvier 2015 (17).jpg|thumb|Demonstrators at the [[Place de la République]], Paris, 11 January 2015, during the [[Republican marches]] after the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]]]]

In 2007, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] launched the [[Grand Paris]] project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the [[Grand Paris|Metropolis of Grand Paris]], with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |date=29 April 2009 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 June 2009 |location=London |first=John |last=Lichfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502102151/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the [[Grand Paris Express]], totalling {{cvt|205|km|mi|abbr=off}} of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and [[TGV|high-speed rail (TGV)]] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=24 April 2013 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |archive-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |title=Le Metro du Grand Paris |publisher=Site of Grand Paris Express |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020412/http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2015, [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] claimed [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|attacks]] across the Paris region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |title=2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts |last=Library |first=C.N.N. |website=CNN |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154608/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |work=Le Monde |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114153341/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Republican marches|1.5 million people marched in Paris]] in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine |work=Le Figaro |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213532/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks]], claimed by ISIL,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |newspaper=Reuters |date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014250/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks death toll rises to 130 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423123908/https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
	
On 22 April 2016, the [[Paris Agreement]] was signed by 196 nations of the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] in an aim to limit the [[effects of climate change]] below 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2023|work=United Nations}}</ref>