Editing Paregoric (section)

==Paregoric, U.S.P. formula==
The principal active ingredient in paregoric is powdered opium. In the United States the formula for Paregoric U.S.P. is a tincture of [[opium]] 40&nbsp;ml, [[anise oil]] 4&nbsp;ml, [[benzoic acid]] 4&nbsp;g, [[camphor]] 4&nbsp;g, [[glycerin]] 40&nbsp;ml, alcohol 450&nbsp;ml, purified water 450&nbsp;ml, diluted with alcohol<ref>Diluted alcohol is a mixture of equal portions of purified water and 190 proof alcohol (95% alcohol by volume).</ref> to 1000&nbsp;ml, and contains the equivalent of 0.4&nbsp;mg/ml of [[anhydrous]] [[morphine]]; one ounce of paregoric contains 129.6&nbsp;mg (2 grains) of powdered opium, or the equivalent of 13&nbsp;mg of anhydrous morphine.<ref name="TheExtra">''The Extra Pharmacoepia Martindale'', Vol. 1, 24th Edition.  London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, p. 924.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record|volume= XXXII, January to June 1898|publisher= New York: American Druggist Publishing Co.|year= 1898| page= 252 (|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=as8AAAAAYAAJ&q=paregoric+formula&pg=PA252|access-date= July 11, 2010}} Describes its preparation as follows: "Dissolve the benzoic acid, camphor and oil of anise in the alcohol, add the glycerin and then the water, very slowly and in divided portions, agitating after each addition.  Lastly add the tinct. opii deod. and filter through paper, returning the first portions if necessary until clear.  When the liquid ceases to drop from the funnel pass enough diluted alcohol through the filter to make the finished product measure one thousand cubic centimeters."</ref>  The average adult dose is 4&nbsp;ml by mouth which corresponds to 16&nbsp;mg of opium, or 1.6&nbsp;mg of anhydrous morphine."<ref name="unodc" />

It is unclear when the current formula for Paregoric, U.S.P. was developed in the United States, and more research is needed.  For example, one formula for "Camphorated Tincture of Opium (Paregoric Elixir)" attributed to the ''United States Pharmacoepia of 1863'' is: "Macerate 1 drachm each powdered opium and benzoic acid, 1 fluid drachm of anise, 2 ounces clarified honey, and 2 scruples camphor, in 2 pints diluted alcohol for 7 days, and filter through paper."<ref>''Encyclopedia of Practical Receipts and Processes'', by William B. Dick.  5th edition.  New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1890, p. 416.  The Dictionary lists a number of formulas for other opium-based tinctures and compounds, such as: Ammoniated Tincture of Opium, Squibb's Compound Tincture of Opium, Dover's Tincture, McMunn's Elixir of Opium, Murphy's Carminative, Oil of Opium, Battley's Sedative Solution of Opium, and Eisenmann's Opiated Wine of Colchicum.</ref>  A slightly different formula is given in the 1926 pharmacoepia.<ref>The 1926 formula is 4&nbsp;g each of powdered opium, benzoic acid, and camphor; and 5&nbsp; of oil of anise, prepared as a tincture by "macerating the ingredients in a mixture of 40 cc of glycerin and 950 cc of diluted alcohol, completing the preparation with diluted alcohol."  Source: ''The Pharmacoepia of the United States of America'', 10th Decennial revision (U.S.P. X), official from January 1, 1926.  Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1925, p. 401.</ref>

The current formula for Paregoric, U.S.P. should not be assumed to be universal.  For example, in the United Kingdom the formula for Paregoric, B.P. is tincture of opium 5&nbsp;ml, benzoic acid 500&nbsp;mg, camphor 300&nbsp;mg, anise oil 0.3&nbsp;ml, alcohol (60%) to 100&nbsp;ml, and contains about 1/30th grain of anhydrous morphine in 60 [[minim (unit)|minims]],<ref name="TheExtra" /> which is 25% stronger than Paregoric, U.S.P.{{Cn|date=March 2021}}