Editing Paraphilia (section)

===Inclusion and subsequent exclusion of homosexuality===
[[Homosexuality]], now widely accepted as a variant of human sexuality, was at one time discussed as a sexual deviation.<ref name="hutchinson">{{cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Gerald E.|author-link=Gerald Hutchinson|date=1959|title=A speculative consideration of certain possible forms of sexual selection in man|journal=[[American Naturalist]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago, Illinois|volume=93|issue=869|pages=81–91|doi=10.1086/282059|s2cid=86617336}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]] and subsequent [[psychoanalytic]] thinkers considered homosexuality and paraphilias to result from [[psychosexual]] non-normative relations to the [[Oedipal complex]],<ref name="lacan">Lacan, Jacques. Le Séminaire. Livre IV. La relation d'objet, 1956–57. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. Paris: Seuil, 1991. p. 201</ref><ref name="Karpman1951">{{cite journal|last1=Karpman|first1=Benjamin|title=The sexual psychopath|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|publisher=[[American Medical Association]]|location=Chicago, Illinois|volume=146|issue=8|pages=721–726|date=23 June 1951|pmid=14832048|doi=10.1001/jama.1951.03670080029008}}</ref> although not in the antecedent version of the 'Three Essays on Sexual Theory' where paraphilias are considered as stemming from an original polymorphous perversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freud|first=Sigmund|date=1971|title=Three essays on the theory of sexuality (1905). Summary|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e417472005-189|access-date=2023-06-30|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e417472005-189}}</ref> As such, the term ''sexual perversion'' or the [[epithet]] ''pervert'' have historically referred to [[gay]] men, as well as other [[non-heterosexual]]s (people who fall outside the perceived norms of sexual orientation).<ref name="hutchinson"/><ref name="lacan"/><ref name="kafka1996">{{cite journal|last=Kafka|first=Martin P.|author-link=Martin Kafka|year=1996|title=Therapy for Sexual Impulsivity: The Paraphilias and Paraphilia-Related Disorders|journal=[[Psychiatric Times]]|publisher=MJH Associates|location=New York City|volume=13|issue=6}}</ref><ref name="Cantor2012">{{cite journal|last1=Cantor|first1=James M.|author-link=James M. Cantor|title=Is Homosexuality a Paraphilia? The Evidence for and Against|journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]|publisher=[[Springer Science + Business Media]]|location=New York City|volume=41|issue=1|pages=237–247|date=February 2012|pmid=22282324|pmc=3310132|doi=10.1007/s10508-012-9900-3}}</ref>

By the mid-20th century, mental health practitioners began formalizing "deviant sexuality" classifications into categories. Originally coded as 000-x63, homosexuality was the top of the classification list (Code 302.0) until the [[American Psychiatric Association]] removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973. [[Martin Kafka]] writes, "Sexual disorders once considered paraphilias (e.g., homosexuality) are now regarded as variants of normal sexuality."<ref name="kafka1996"/>

A 2012 literature study by clinical psychologist [[James Cantor]], when comparing homosexuality with paraphilias, found that both share "the features of onset and course (both homosexuality and paraphilia being life-long), but they appear to differ on sex ratio, [[fraternal birth order]], [[handedness]], [[IQ]] and [[Constructive developmental framework#The cognitive profile of a person|cognitive profile]], and [[neuroanatomy]]." The research then concluded that the data seemed to suggest paraphilias and homosexuality as two distinct categories but regarded the conclusion as "quite tentative" given the current limited understanding of paraphilias.<ref name=Cantor2012/>