Editing Pantheism (section)

===18th century===
The first known use of the term "pantheism" was in Latin ("pantheismus"<ref name="Taylor"/>) by the English mathematician Joseph Raphson in his work ''De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito'', published in 1697.<ref name=Thomson>Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref> Raphson begins with a distinction between atheistic "panhylists" (from the Greek roots ''[[wikt:pan-|pan]]'', "all", and ''[[wikt:hyle|hyle]]'', "matter"), who believe everything is matter, and Spinozan "pantheists" who believe in "a certain universal substance, material as well as intelligence, that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence."<ref>{{cite book|last=Raphson|first=Joseph|title=De spatio reali|year=1697|publisher=Londini|page=2|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Suttle|first=Gary|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raphson thought that the universe was immeasurable in respect to a human's capacity of understanding, and believed that humans would never be able to comprehend it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Koyré|first=Alexander|title=From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe|year=1957|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=978-0801803475|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190 190–204]|url=https://archive.org/details/fromclosedworldt0000koyr/page/190}}</ref> He referred to the pantheism of the [[Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egyptians]], [[History of Iran|Persians]], [[Syrians]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[History of India|Indians]], and Jewish [[Kabbalists]], specifically referring to Spinoza.<ref name="T Bennet">{{cite book|last1=Bennet|first1=T|title=The History of the Works of the Learned|date=1702|publisher=H.Rhodes|page=498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=498|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

The term was first used in English in a translation of Raphson's work in 1702. It was later used and popularized by [[Irish people|Irish]] writer [[John Toland]] in his work of 1705 ''[[Socinianism]] Truly Stated, by a Pantheist''.<ref name="Dabundo">{{cite book|last1=Dabundo|first1=Laura|title=Encyclopedia of Romanticism (Routledge Revivals)|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135232351|pages=442–443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMeOAgAAQBAJ|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=Worman/>{{rp|pp. 617–618}} Toland was influenced by both Spinoza and Bruno and had read Joseph Raphson's ''De Spatio Reali'', referring to it as "the ingenious Mr. Ralphson's (sic) Book of Real Space".<ref>Daniel, Stephen H. "Toland's Semantic Pantheism," in John Toland's Christianity not Mysterious, Text, Associated Works and Critical Essays. Edited by Philip McGuinness, Alan Harrison, and Richard Kearney. Dublin, Ireland: The Lilliput Press, 1997.</ref> Like Raphson, he used the terms "pantheist" and "Spinozist" interchangeably.<ref>R.E. Sullivan, "John Toland and the Deist controversy: A Study in Adaptations", Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 193.</ref> In 1720 he wrote the ''Pantheisticon: or The Form of Celebrating the Socratic-Society'' in Latin, envisioning a pantheist society that believed, "All things in the world are one, and one is all in all things ... what is all in all things is God, eternal and immense, neither born nor ever to perish."<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=Toland: The father of modern pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/toland.htm|work=Pantheist History|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref>Toland, John, Pantheisticon, 1720; reprint of the 1751 edition, New York and London: Garland, 1976, p. 54.</ref> He clarified his idea of pantheism in a letter to [[Gottfried Leibniz]] in 1710 when he referred to "the pantheistic opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe".<ref name=Worman/><ref name="ReferenceA">Paul Harrison, ''Elements of Pantheism'', 1999.</ref><ref>Honderich, Ted, ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 641: "First used by John Toland in 1705, the term 'pantheist' designates one who holds both that everything there is constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine."</ref><ref>Thompson, Ann, ''Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment'', Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 133, {{ISBN|9780199236190}}.</ref>

In the mid-eighteenth century, the English theologian [[Daniel Waterland]] defined pantheism this way: "It supposes God and nature, or God and the whole universe, to be one and the same substance—one universal being; insomuch that men's [[soul]]s are only modifications of the divine substance."<ref name="Worman">Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in ''Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1'', John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.</ref><ref>Worman cites Waterland, Works, viii, p. 81.</ref> In the early nineteenth century, the German theologian [[Julius Wegscheider]] defined pantheism as the belief that God and the world established by God are one and the same.<ref name=Worman/><ref>Worman cites Wegscheider, ''Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae'', p. 250.</ref>

Between 1785–89, a controversy about Spinoza's philosophy arose between the German philosophers [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]] (a critic) and [[Moses Mendelssohn]] (a defender). Known in German as the ''[[Pantheism controversy|Pantheismusstreit]]'' (pantheism controversy), it helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Giovanni | first1=di | last2=Livieri | first2=Paolo | title=Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi | website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=2001-12-06 | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/ | access-date=2021-09-25}}</ref>