Editing PAL (section)

=== PAL signal details ===
For PAL-B/G the signal has these characteristics.

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter
! Value
|-
| Bandwidth
| {{val|5|u=MHz}}<ref name="dvd-replica_com-palnations">{{cite web |title=PGC categories – Countries using PAL standard |url=http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/palnations.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422030617/http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/palnations.php |archive-date=22 April 2009 |website=dvd-replica.com}}</ref>
|-
| Horizontal sync polarity
| Negative
|-
| Total time for each line
| {{val|64|ul=μs}}<ref name="pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI">{{cite web |title=Horizontal Blanking Interval of 405-, 525-, 625- and 819-Line Standards |url=http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/HBI.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529195823/http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/HBI.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2009}} 090426 pembers.freeserve.co.uk</ref><ref name="deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08">{{cite web |title=NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview |url=http://www.deetc.isel.ipl.pt/Analisedesinai/sm/downloads/doc/ch08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707033657/http://www.deetc.isel.ipl.pt/Analisedesinai/sm/downloads/doc/ch08.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-07 |access-date=26 April 2009 |page=52}}</ref>
|-
| [[Analog television|Front porch]] (A)
| {{val|1.65|+0.4|-0.1|u=μs}}
|-
| Sync pulse length (B)
| {{val|4.7|0.20|u=μs}}
|-
| [[Analog television|Back porch]] (C)
| {{val|5.7|0.20|u=μs}}
|-
| Active video (D)
| {{val|51.95|+0.4|-0.1|u=μs}}
|}

(Total horizontal sync time 12.05 μs)

After 0.9 μs a {{val|2.25|0.23|u=μs}} [[Colorburst|colourburst]] of {{val|10|1}} cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in {{val|250|50|ul=ns}} range. Amplitude is 100% for white level, 30% for black, and 0% for sync.<ref name="pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI" />

The [[Composite video|CVBS]] electrical amplitude is Vpp {{val|1.0|ul=V}} and impedance of 75 [[ohm|Ω]].<ref name="thomsongrassvalley_com-3922-496-46791_s03_v01">{{cite book |url=https://wwwapps.grassvalley.com/docs/Manuals/cameras/ldk5400/3922-496-46791.s03.v01.pdf |title=LDK 5400 Triax Adapter Technical Manual |publisher=Thomson Multimedia Broadcast Solutions |year=2002 |pages= |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331025205/https://wwwapps.grassvalley.com/docs/Manuals/cameras/ldk5400/3922-496-46791.s03.v01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- 2,0V Vpp at http://www.rfcandy.biz/shop/images/fq916.pdf ..? -->

[[File:Composite Video.svg|thumb|350px|right|The composite video ([[composite video|CVBS]]) signal used in systems M and N before combination with a sound carrier and [[modulation]] onto an [[Radio frequency|RF]] [[carrier signal|carrier]]]]

The vertical timings are:
{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter
! Value
|-
| Vertical lines
| 312.5 (625 total)
|-
| Vertical lines visible
| 288 (576 total)
|-
| Vertical sync polarity
| Negative (burst)
|-
| Vertical frequency
| {{val|50|u=Hz}}
|-
| Sync pulse length (F)
| {{val|0.576|ul=ms}} (burst)<ref name="pembers_freeserve_co_uk-VBI-625-PAL">{{cite web |title=Vertical Blanking Interval of 625-Line Standard (PAL Colour) |url=http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/VBI-625-PAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428234231/http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/VBI-625-PAL.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |access-date=2015-09-03}}</ref>
|-
| Active video (H)
| 18.4<!--287.5 lines (576 PAL-B/G)--> ms
|}

(Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms)

As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame.

==== Colorimetry ====
PAL colorimetry, as defined by the ITU on REC-BT.470, and based on [[CIE 1931 color space|CIE 1931]] x,y coordinates:<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems |url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001941/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ PAL colorimetry
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" | Standard
! rowspan="3" | Year
! rowspan="3" | [[Standard illuminant#White points of standard illuminants|White point]]
! colspan="6" | [[Primary color|Primaries]]
! rowspan="3" | Display [[Gamma correction|gamma]] [[Transfer functions in imaging|EOTF]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Red
! colspan="2" | Green
! colspan="2" | Blue
|-
! xʀ
! yʀ
! xɢ
! yɢ
! xʙ
! yʙ
|-
! PAL
| [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] 3213-E, [[Rec. 601|ITU-R BT.470/601 (B/G)]]
| 1970
| [[Standard illuminant#Illuminant series D|D65]]
| 0.64
| 0.33
| 0.29
| 0.6
| 0.15
| 0.06
| 2.8
|-
! PAL-M
| BT.470-6<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, p.16 |url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf#page=16 |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001941/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf#page=16 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1972
| [[Standard illuminant#Illuminants B and C|C]]
| 0.67
| 0.33
| 0.21
| 0.71
| 0.14
| 0.08
| 2.2
|}

The assumed [[Gamma correction|display gamma]] is defined as 2.8.<ref name="auto"/> The [[PAL-M]] system uses color primary and gamma values similar to NTSC.<ref name="auto2" /> Color is encoded using the [[Y′UV|YUV]] color space.

[[Luma (video)|Luma]] (<math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{Y}}</math>) is derived from red, green, and blue (<math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{R}}, E'{\scriptstyle\text{G}}, E'{\scriptstyle\text{B}}</math>) gamma pre-corrected (<math>E'</math>) primary signals:<!-- p20 --><ref name="deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08" />
* <math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{Y}}= 0.299E'{\scriptstyle\text{R}} + 0.587E'{\scriptstyle\text{G}} + 0.114E'{\scriptstyle\text{B}}</math>

<math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{U}}</math> and <math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{V}}</math> are used to transmit [[chrominance]]. Each has a typical bandwidth of 1.3&nbsp;MHz.
* <math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{U}} = 0.492(E'{\scriptstyle\text{B}}-E'{\scriptstyle\text{Y}})</math>
* <math>E'{\scriptstyle\text{V}} = 0.877(E'{\scriptstyle\text{R}}-E'{\scriptstyle\text{Y}})</math>

Composite PAL signal <math>= E'{\scriptstyle\text{Y}} + E'{\scriptstyle\text{U}} \sin (\omega t) + E'{\scriptstyle\text{V}} \cos (\omega t) +</math>timing<!-- p21 --><ref name="deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08" /> where <math>\omega = 2\pi F_{SC}</math>.

Subcarrier frequency <math>F_{SC}</math> is 4.43361875&nbsp;MHz (±5&nbsp;Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N.