Editing Osaka (section)

=== Heian to Edo period ===
In 1496, [[Jōdo Shinshū]] [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] established their headquarters in the heavily fortified [[Ishiyama Hongan-ji]], located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. [[Oda Nobunaga]] began a decade-long siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks and subsequent razing of the temple. [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] constructed [[Osaka Castle]] in its place in 1583.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osaka-info.jp/en/discover/learn/historical_overview.html|title=HISTORICAL OVERVIEW – DISCOVER – OSAKA INFO -Osaka Visitors' Guide|date=January 29, 2018|access-date=September 19, 2016|archive-date=September 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923040308/http://www.osaka-info.jp/en/discover/learn/historical_overview.html}}</ref> Osaka Castle played a pivotal role in the [[Siege of Osaka]] (1614–1615).

Osaka was long considered Japan's primary economic center,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/for_tourists/c_historical_overview.html |title=-Osaka City- |access-date=March 21, 2009 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322141953/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/for_tourists/c_historical_overview.html |archive-date=March 22, 2009 }}</ref> with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class (see [[Four divisions of society]]). Over the course of the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867), Osaka grew into one of Japan's major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and important port. ''[[Daimyō]]s'' (feudal lords) received most of their income in the form of [[rice]]. [[chonin|Merchants]] in Osaka thus began to organize [[Warehouse|storehouse]]s where they would store a ''daimyō''{{'}}s rice in exchange for a fee, trading it for either coin or a form of receipt; essentially a precursor to [[Banknote|paper money]]. Many if not all of these [[rice brokers]] also made loans, and would actually become quite wealthy and powerful. Osaka merchants coalesced their shops around [[Dōjima]], where the [[Dōjima Rice Exchange|Rice Exchange]] was established in 1697 and where the world's first [[Futures exchange|futures]] market would come to exist to sell rice that was not yet harvested.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moss|first1=David A.|last2=Kintgen|first2=Eugene|date=2009-01-30|title=The Dojima Rice Market and the Origins of Futures Trading |website=Harvard Business School |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=36846|language=en-us}}</ref>

The popular culture of Osaka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukiyo-e.se/guide.html |title=A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet |access-date=October 18, 2008 |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914023738/http://www.ukiyo-e.se/guide.html }}</ref> was closely related to ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' depictions of life in [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]]. By 1780, Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous [[Kabuki]] and [[Bunraku]] theaters.<ref>C. Andrew Gerstle, ''Kabuki Heroes on the Osaka Stage 1780–1830'' (2005)</ref> In 1837, [[Ōshio Heihachirō]], a low-ranking [[samurai]], led a peasant insurrection in response to the city's unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, after which Ōshio killed himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebrey |first=Patricia Buckley |author2=Walthall, Anne |author3=Palais, James B. |title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-618-13384-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0/page/400 400] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0/page/400}}</ref> Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the [[Bakufu]] at the same time as [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyogo Town]] (modern [[Kobe]]) on January 1, 1868, just before the advent of the [[Boshin War]] and the [[Meiji Restoration]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Whitney Hall|first2=Marius B.|last2=Jansen|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OFYajIf9QgC&pg=PA304|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22356-0|page=304}}</ref> The [[Kawaguchi foreign settlement]], now the Kawaguchi subdistrict, is a legacy of the foreign presence in Osaka.

Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century. [[Jippensha Ikku]] in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. In 1809, the derogatory term "Kamigata zeeroku" was used by Edo residents to characterize inhabitants of the Osaka region in terms of calculation, shrewdness, lack of civic spirit, and the vulgarity of Osaka dialect. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, and public spirited. Edo writers by contrast saw "zeeroku" as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. To some degree, Osaka residents are still stigmatized by Tokyo observers in the same way today, especially in terms of gluttony, evidenced in the phrase, {{Nihongo4|"Residents of Osaka devour their food until they collapse"|大阪は食倒れ|"Ōsaka wa kuidaore"}}.<ref>Richard Torrance, "Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940", ''The Journal of Japanese Studies'' 31#1 (Winter 2005), pp. 27–60</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery">
File:Osaka Castle 02bs3200.jpg|[[Osaka Castle]] (first built in 1583)
File:Osaka-zu byobu.jpg|The Sumiyoshi-matsuri in the 16th century
File:The Siege of Osaka Castle.jpg|Japanese painting of the [[Siege of Osaka]] (1615)
File:Newly compiled and enlarged plan of Ōsaka (14042582876).jpg|Map of Osaka, 1686
File:Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png|Dōjima Rice Exchange ukiyo-e by Yoshimitsu Sasaki
</gallery>