Editing Ore (section)

=== Porphyry copper deposits ===

These are the leading source of copper ore.<ref name="Hayes-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=Timothy S. |last2=Cox |first2=Dennis P. |last3=Bliss |first3=James D. |last4=Piatak |first4=Nadine M. |last5=Seal |first5=Robert R. |date=2015 |title=Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model |journal=Scientific Investigations Report |page=147 |doi=10.3133/sir20105070m |issn=2328-0328|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015usgs.rept...40H }}</ref><ref name="Lee-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Cin-Ty A |last2=Tang |first2=Ming |date=2020 |title=How to make porphyry copper deposits |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language= |volume=529 |page=115868 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115868|bibcode=2020E&PSL.52915868L |s2cid=208008163 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Porphyry copper deposit]]s form along [[Convergent boundary|convergent boundaries]] and are thought to originate from the partial melting of subducted oceanic plates and subsequent concentration of Cu, driven by oxidation.<ref name="Lee-2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Weidong |last2=Wang |first2=Jin-tuan |last3=Zhang |first3=Li-peng |last4=Zhang |first4=Chan-chan |last5=Li |first5=He |last6=Ling |first6=Ming-xing |last7=Ding |first7=Xing |last8=Li |first8=Cong-ying |last9=Liang |first9=Hua-ying |date=2016 |title=The formation of porphyry copper deposits |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11631-016-0132-4 |journal=Acta Geochimica |language= |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |doi=10.1007/s11631-016-0132-4 |s2cid=132971792 |issn=2096-0956}}</ref> These are large, round, disseminated deposits containing on average 0.8% copper by weight.<ref name="Wills-2015" />

'''Hydrothermal'''[[File:Classic_VMS_Deposit2.png|thumb|A cross-section of a typical [[Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit|volcanogenic massive sulfide]] (VMS) ore deposit]] [[Hydrothermal mineral deposit|Hydrothermal deposits]] are a large source of ore. They form as a result of the precipitation of dissolved ore constituents out of fluids.<ref name="Jenkin-2014" /><ref name="FutMinRes2">Arndt, N. and others (2017) Future mineral resources, Chap. 2, Formation of mineral resources, [https://www.geochemicalperspectives.org/online/v6n1/ Geochemical Perspectives, v6-1, p. 18–51].</ref>
* [[Mississippi Valley-Type]] (MVT) deposits precipitate from relatively cool, basal brinal fluids within carbonate strata. These are sources of [[lead]] and [[zinc]] sulphide ore.<ref name="Leach-2001"/>
* Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits (SSC) form when copper sulphides precipitate out of brinal fluids into sedimentary basins near the equator.<ref name="Hayes-2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hitzman |first1=M. W. |last2=Selley |first2=D. |last3=Bull |first3=S. |date=2010 |title=Formation of Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits through Earth History |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.627 |journal=Economic Geology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=627–639 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.627 |bibcode=2010EcGeo.105..627H |issn=0361-0128}}</ref> These are the second most common source of copper ore after porphyry copper deposits, supplying 20% of the worlds copper in addition to silver and cobalt.<ref name="Hayes-2015" />
* [[Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit|Volcanogenic massive sulphide]] (VMS) deposits form on the seafloor from precipitation of metal rich solutions, typically associated with hydrothermal activity. They take the general form of a large sulphide rich mound above disseminated sulphides and viens. VMS deposits are a major source of [[zinc]] (Zn), [[copper]] (Cu), [[lead]] (Pb), [[silver]] (Ag), and [[gold]] (Au).<ref name="Galley-2007" />[[File:Gold-Quartz-273364.jpg|thumb|[[Gold]] ore (size: 7.5 × 6.1 × 4.1&nbsp;cm)]]
* [[SEDEX|Sedimentary exhalative sulphide deposits]] (SEDEX) are a copper sulphide ore which form in the same manor as VMS from metal rich brine but are hosted within sedimentary rocks and are not directly related to volcanism.<ref name="Pirajno-1992" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Hannington |first=Mark |title=VMS and SEDEX Deposits |date=2021 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780081029084000758 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Geology |pages=867–876 |access-date=2023-03-03 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00075-8 |isbn=978-0-08-102909-1|s2cid=243007984 }}</ref>
* [[Orogenic gold deposit]]s are a bulk source for gold, with 75% of gold production originating from orogenic gold deposits. Formation occurs during late stage mountain building (''see [[orogeny]]'') where metamorphism forces gold containing fluids into joints and fractures where they precipitate. These tend to be strongly correlated with quartz veins.<ref name="Jenkin-2014" />
* [[Epithermal vein deposit]]s form in the shallow crust from concentration of metal bearing fluids into veins and stockworks where conditions favour precipitation.<ref name="Pirajno-1992" /><ref name="Mosier-2012" /> These volcanic related deposits are a source of gold and silver ore, the primary precipitants.<ref name="Mosier-2012" />