Editing On the Origin of Species (section)

==Publication==
{{Main|Publication of Darwin's theory}}

===Time taken to publish===
In his autobiography, Darwin said he had "gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839, when the theory was clearly conceived, to 1859; and I lost nothing by it".<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=128&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text 124]}}</ref> On the first page of his 1859 book he noted that, having begun work on the topic in 1837, he had drawn up "some short notes" after five years, had enlarged these into a sketch in 1844, and "from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object."<ref name="vW time to publish" />{{sfn|Darwin|1859|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=16&itemID=F373&viewtype=text 1]}}

Various biographers have proposed that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. [[Charles Darwin's illness]] caused repeated delays. His paper on [[Glen Roy]] had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. [[David Quammen]] has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.<ref>{{harvnb|Quammen|2006|pp=84–92}}</ref>

A more recent study by science historian [[John van Wyhe]] has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His 1846 estimate that writing his "big book" would take five years proved optimistic.<ref name="vW time to publish">{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007}}</ref>

===Events leading to publication: "big book" manuscript===
[[File:Alfred Russel Wallace 1862 - Project Gutenberg eText 15997.png|thumb|upright|A photograph of [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] (1823–1913) taken in [[Singapore]] in 1862]]
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species.<ref>{{citation | last=Wallace | first=Alfred R. | title=On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History | year=1855 | volume=16 | issue=93 | pages=184–196 | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A11&pageseq=1 | doi=10.1080/037454809495509}}</ref> [[Charles Lyell]] recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species as his "big book" on ''[[Natural Selection (manuscript)|Natural Selection]]''. His theory including the principle of [[Genetic divergence|divergence]] was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent [[Asa Gray]] a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.<ref name=Quammen135-158>{{Harvnb|Quammen|2006|pp=135–158}}</ref><ref name="letters: Big Book">{{cite web | title=Darwin in letters, 1856–1857: the 'Big Book' | website=Darwin Correspondence Project | date=12 June 2015 | url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book | access-date=21 March 2016}}<br/>{{cite web |url= http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-1870 |title= Letter 1870 – Darwin, C. R., to Hooker, J.D., 9 May (1856) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project | access-date=21 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Joint publication of papers by Wallace and Darwin===
Darwin was hard at work on the manuscript for his "big book" on ''[[Natural Selection (manuscript)|Natural Selection]]'', when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the [[Maluku Islands]] ([[Ternate]] and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory.<ref name=Quammen135-158/> Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2285.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2285—Darwin to Lyell (June 1858)|access-date=15 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828144842/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2285.html|archive-date=28 August 2007}}</ref> Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]], and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled ''[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]]'', by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the [[artificial selection]] practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to [[selective breeding]], and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Larson|2004|pp=74–75}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Quammen|2006|pp=162–163}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=175–176}}</ref> Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing [[group selection]] rather than selection acting on individual variation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bowler|2013|pp=61–63}}</ref>

===Abstract of Species book===
Soon after the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work" in the form of one or more papers to be published by the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]], but was concerned about "how it can be made scientific for a Journal, without giving facts, which would be impossible." He asked Hooker how many pages would be available, but "If the Referees were to reject it as not strictly scientific I would, perhaps publish it as pamphlet."<ref name="Correspondence 1858-1859: Origin" /><ref name="Letter 2303">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2303 |title=Letter 2303 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 5 July (1858) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=7 September 2010}}</ref> He began his "abstract of Species book" on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at [[Sandown]],<ref name="Journal 36v">{{Harvnb|Darwin|2006|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=70&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1–76&viewtype=text 36 verso]}}</ref> and wrote parts of it from memory, while sending the manuscripts to his friends for checking.<ref name="Letter 2432">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2432 |title=Letter 2432 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 15 March (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |quote= It [geographical distribution] was nearly all written from memory |access-date=7 September 2010}}</ref>

By early October, he began to "expect my abstract will run into a small volume, which will have to be published separately."<ref name="Letter 2339">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2339 |title=Letter 2339 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 12 (October 1858) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |quote= See letter to T. C. Eyton, 4 October (1858), in which CD first mentioned the possibility that his 'abstract' would form a small volume. |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Over the same period, he continued to collect information and write large fully detailed sections of the manuscript for his "big book" on Species, ''[[Natural Selection (manuscript)|Natural Selection]]''.<ref name="Correspondence 1858-1859: Origin" />

===Murray as publisher; choice of title===
[[File:On the origin of species by means of natural selection OR the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, 2nd edition. By Chalres Darwin, John Murray, London, 1860. National Museum of Scotland.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'', 2nd edition. By Charles Darwin, John Murray, London, 1860. National Museum of Scotland.]]
By mid-March 1859 Darwin's abstract had reached the stage where he was thinking of early publication; Lyell suggested the publisher [[John Murray III|John Murray]], and met with him to find if he would be willing to publish. On 28 March Darwin wrote to Lyell asking about progress, and offering to give Murray assurances "that my Book is not more ''un''-orthodox, than the subject makes inevitable." He enclosed a draft title sheet proposing ''An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection'', with the year shown as "<u>1859</u>".<ref name="Letter 2437">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2437 |title=Letter 2437 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 28 March (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |quote=Would you advise me to tell Murray that my Book is not more ''un''-orthodox, than the subject makes inevitable. That I do not discuss origin of man.— That I do not bring in any discussions about Genesis &c, & only give facts, & such conclusions from them, as seem to me fair. |access-date=16 January 2017}}<br/>Darwin, C. R. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=APS-B%20D25.L%5B.38%5D&viewtype=side proposed title page for ''Origin of species'' draft]. (1859) APS-B-D25.L[.38] Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by John van Wyhe</ref>{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|2009|p=306}}

Murray's response was favourable, and a very pleased Darwin told Lyell on 30 March that he would "send shortly a large bundle of M.S. but unfortunately I cannot for a week, as the three first chapters are in three copyists' hands". He bowed to Murray's objection to "abstract" in the title, though he felt it excused the lack of references, but wanted to keep "natural selection" which was "constantly used in all works on Breeding", and hoped "to retain it with Explanation, somewhat as thus",— ''Through Natural Selection or the preservation of favoured races''.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|2009|p=306}}<ref name="Letter 2439">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2439 |title=Letter 2439 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 30 March (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
On 31 March Darwin wrote to Murray in confirmation, and listed headings of the 12 chapters in progress: he had drafted all except "XII. Recapitulation & Conclusion".<ref name="Letter 2441">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2441 |title=Letter 2441 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 31 March (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Murray responded immediately with an agreement to publish the book on the same terms as he published Lyell, without even seeing the manuscript: he offered Darwin two-thirds of the profits.<ref name="Letter 2443">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2443 |title=Letter 2443 — Murray, John (b) to Darwin, C. R., 1 April 1859 |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Darwin promptly accepted with pleasure, insisting that Murray would be free to withdraw the offer if, having read the chapter manuscripts, he felt the book would not sell well<ref name="Letter 2445">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2445 |title=Letter 2445 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 2 April (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the first edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its sixth edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000<ref name="Darwin and his publisher">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/charles-darwin-and-john-murray |title=Charles Darwin and his publisher |year=2010 |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007052027/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/charles-darwin-and-john-murray |archive-date=7 October 2010  }}</ref>).

On 5 April, Darwin sent Murray the first three chapters, and a proposal for the book's title.<ref name="Letter 2447">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2447 |title=Letter 2447 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 5 April (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> An early draft title page suggests ''On the Mutability of Species''.<ref>Darwin, C. R. [early draft title of Origin] ''[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=CUL-DAR205.1.70&viewtype=side On the mutability of species]'' [& other notes] CUL-DAR205.1.70 Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by John van Wyhe</ref> Murray cautiously asked [[Whitwell Elwin]] to review the chapters.<ref name="Correspondence 1858-1859: Origin">{{cite web | title=Darwin in letters, 1858–1859: Origin | website=Darwin Correspondence Project | date=2 June 2015 | url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin | access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> At Lyell's suggestion, Elwin recommended that, rather than "put forth the theory without the evidence", the book should focus on observations upon [[pigeon]]s, briefly stating how these illustrated Darwin's general principles and preparing the way for the larger work expected shortly: "Every body is interested in pigeons."<ref name="Letter 2457A">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2457A |title=Letter 2457A — Elwin, Whitwell, to Murray, John (b), 3 May 1859 |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Darwin responded that this was impractical: he had only the last chapter still to write.<ref name="Letter 2459">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2459 |title=Letter 2459 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 6 May (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> In September the main title still included "''An essay on the origin of species and varieties''", but Darwin now proposed dropping "varieties".<ref name="Letter 2448">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-2488 |title=Letter 2448 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 10 September (1859) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>

With Murray's persuasion, the title was eventually agreed as ''On the Origin of Species'', with the title page adding ''by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''.<ref name="titles" /> In this extended title (and elsewhere in the book) Darwin used the biological term ''"[[Race (biology)|races]]"'' interchangeably with ''"[[Variety (botany)|varieties]]"'', meaning varieties within a [[species]].<ref name="NCSE define evo">{{cite web | title=Defining Evolution | website=[[National Center for Science Education]] | date=24 August 2000 | url=https://ncse.com/library-resource/defining-evolution-0 | access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="BernasconiLott2000">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bernasconi|author2=Tommy Lee Lott|title=The Idea of Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=di2YVLKgIC8C&pg=PA54|year=2000|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0-87220-458-8|page=54|quote=The full title [of the book] employs the term 'race' only in the broad biological use of the word, which refers to varieties throughout organic life; however, speculation about the implications of his views specifically for the question of the human races began almost as soon as the book was published.}}</ref> He used the term broadly,<ref name=Sober45>{{Harvnb|Sober|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nHEGJY9soYMC&pg=PT38 45]}}, Quote: "There nonetheless are a few cases in which Darwin does discuss selection processes in which groups are the units, and these will be the focus of the present chapter. But even here it does not matter whether the groups are from different 'races' or from the same race. It is nests of honeybees that compete with each other, and human tribes that compete with other human tribes. For Darwin, the question of group selection had nothing ''special'' to do with 'race.' Still, writing in the heyday of empire, Darwin saw European nations outcompeting the nations, kingdoms, and tribes that occupy the rest of the globe. In this one very salient example, Darwin did see races struggling with each other. In any event, the word ''race'' in Darwin's subtitle needs to be understood very broadly; it encompasses competition among individuals, competition among groups in the same 'race,' and competition from groups from different 'races.' This is a much broader meaning than the word 'race' tends to have today."</ref> and as well as discussions of "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants",<ref>{{harvnb|Darwin|1859|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F373&pageseq=30 15]}}</ref> there are three instances in the book where the phrase "races of man" is used, referring to [[Race (human classification)|races]] of humans.<ref>the three instances of the phrase "races of man" are found on {{harvnb|Darwin|1859|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=217&itemID=F373&viewtype=text 199], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=400&itemID=F373&viewtype=text 382], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=440&itemID=F373&viewtype=text 422]}}</ref>

===Publication and subsequent editions===
''On the Origin of Species'' was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen [[shilling]]s with a first printing of 1250 copies.<ref name="dupree">{{cite book|last=Dupree|first=A. Hunter|year=1988|title=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-8018-3741-8|page=267}}</ref> The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for [[Stationers' Hall]] copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale.<ref name="Freeman 1977">{{harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref> Significantly, 500 were taken by [[Charles Edward Mudie|Mudie's Library]], ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=89}}</ref> The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860,<ref>{{harvnb|Darwin|1958|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=126 122]}}</ref> and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from [[Charles Kingsley]], and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence.<ref name=b95/> During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, ''An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species''.<ref>{{harvnb|Darwin|1861|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=20 xiii]}}</ref> In response to objections that the [[abiogenesis|origin of life]] was unexplained, Darwin pointed to acceptance of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|Newton's law]] even though the cause of gravity was unknown, and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibnitz]] had accused Newton of introducing "occult qualities & miracles".<ref name="old Darwin manuscript 2022">{{cite web | title=Science ahead of its time: Secret of 157-year old Darwin manuscript | website=[[National University of Singapore]] News | date=24 November 2022 | url=https://news.nus.edu.sg/secret-of-157-year-old-darwin-manuscript/ | access-date=25 November 2022}}<br/>{{cite web | website=Darwin Online |first=C. R. |last=Darwin|date=October 1865|title=Signed autograph paragraph from Origin of species 3d ed. for Hermann Kindt| url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=Sothebys-N11124&viewtype=side |quote=Introduction by John van Wyhe| access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63741207|title=Charles Darwin: Autographed document could fetch record price|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2022|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> The fourth edition in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "[[survival of the fittest]]", which had been coined by the philosopher [[Herbert Spencer]] in his ''Principles of Biology'' (1864).<ref name=sotf>"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." {{harvnb|Spencer|1864|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SRkRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA444 444–445]}}</ref>

In January 1871, [[George Jackson Mivart]]'s ''On the Genesis of Species'' listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false [[metaphysics]].<ref name=miv>{{harvnb|Mivart|1871}}</ref> Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the ''Origin'' (this was the first edition in which he used the word "[[evolution]]" which had commonly been associated with [[Prenatal development (biology)|embryological development]], though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=59}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|1977|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=80&itemID=A1&viewtype=text 79–80]}}. "Evolution" in the transformist sense had been used by [[Charles Lyell]] in 1832, ''[[Principles of Geology]]'' vol 2, [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A505.2&pageseq=24 p. 11]; and was used by Darwin in ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' in 1871, [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=15 p. 2] onwards.</ref>), and added a new chapter VII, ''Miscellaneous objections'', to address Mivart's arguments.<ref name="Freeman 1977"/><ref name=6th>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=577, 582, 590, 592–593}}</ref>

The sixth edition was published by Murray on 19 February 1872 as ''The Origin of Species'', with "On" dropped from the title. Darwin had told Murray of working men in [[Lancashire]] clubbing together to buy the fifth edition at 15 shillings and wanted it made more widely available; the price was halved to 7[[Shilling|s]] 6[[Old pence|d]] by printing in a smaller [[font]]. It includes a glossary compiled by W.S. Dallas. Book sales increased from 60 to 250 per month.<ref name="titles" /><ref name=6th/>

===Publication outside Great Britain===
[[File:Asa Gray (1867).jpg|thumb|left|upright|American botanist Asa Gray (1810–1888)]]
In the United States, botanist [[Asa Gray]], an American colleague of Darwin, negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international [[copyright]] to print ''Origin''.<ref name=Letter2592>{{Citation|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2592.html#mark-2592.f3|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2592—Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 21 December (1859)|access-date=6 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213042956/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2592.html#mark-2592.f3|archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref> Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits.<ref name=Letter2665>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2665.html#back-mark-2665.f9 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2665—Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 28 January (1860) |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213042959/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2665.html#back-mark-2665.f9 |archive-date=13 February 2009  }}</ref> Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with [[D. Appleton & Company|Appleton's]] of New York,<ref name=Letter2706>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2706.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2706—Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. R., 20 February 1860 |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213043349/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2706.html |archive-date=13 February 2009  }}</ref> who got their edition out in mid-January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only, as there were four that year.<ref name="Freeman 1977"/><ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=492}}</ref>

The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda.<ref name=browne256/> Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist [[Heinrich Georg Bronn]], but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to ''[[Naturphilosophie]]''.<ref name=browne140>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=140–142}}</ref> In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack.<ref name=correspondence1862/> Darwin corresponded closely with [[Julius Victor Carus]], who published an improved translation in 1867.<ref name=correspondence1866>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866 |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110511/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by [[Clémence Royer]] published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating [[social Darwinism]] and [[eugenics]], as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions.<ref name=correspondence1862>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-10 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 10: 1862 |access-date=6 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110829/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-10 |archive-date=5 June 2010  }}</ref><ref name=browne142>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=142–144}}</ref> He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876.<ref name="Freeman 1977"/> A Dutch translation by [[Tiberius Cornelis Winkler]] was published in 1860.<ref>Ch. Darwin, ''Het ontstaan der soorten van dieren en planten door middel van de natuurkeus of het bewaard blijven van bevoorregte rassen in de strijd des levens'', transl. by [[Tiberius Cornelis Winkler|T.C. Winkler]] (Haarlem 1860) Source: ''[http://api.ning.com/files/aT0Fpi7QEAJXZty6RRr0*ayjT5aN-CLIR1HAnom7DRBt*Z64Ko2B*I88LPx*h2otwLvz5Vp*IKVqHQunTD*sItKN3P7MUMve/TeylerWinklerDarwin.doc Teyler, Winkler, Darwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202091528/http://api.ning.com/files/aT0Fpi7QEAJXZty6RRr0*ayjT5aN-CLIR1HAnom7DRBt*Z64Ko2B*I88LPx*h2otwLvz5Vp*IKVqHQunTD*sItKN3P7MUMve/TeylerWinklerDarwin.doc |date=2 December 2011 }}'' Lecture by [http://teylersmuseum.ning.com/profiles/blogs/142-teyler-winkler-darwin Marijn van Hoorn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806020036/http://teylersmuseum.ning.com/profiles/blogs/142-teyler-winkler-darwin |date=6 August 2020 }} MA at the Congress of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Group, Prague, 23 April 2009</ref> By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian.<ref name=browne256>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=256–259}}</ref> In Darwin's lifetime, ''Origin'' was published in Swedish in 1871,<ref>{{cite web|title=Freeman Bibliographic Database|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/record?itemID=F793}}</ref> Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. As of 1977, ''Origin'' had appeared in an additional 18 languages,<ref name=free83>{{harvnb|Freeman|1977|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=84&itemID=A1&viewtype=text 83, 100–111]}} "The book was translated in Darwin's lifetime into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish, and has appeared in a further eighteen languages since."</ref> including Chinese by [[Ma Junwu|Ma Chün-wu]] who added non-Darwinian ideas; he published the preliminaries and chapters 1–5 in 1902–1904, and his complete translation in 1920.<ref name=free101>{{harvnb|Freeman|1977|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=101&itemID=A1&viewtype=text 100]}}</ref><ref name="Jin 2018">{{cite journal | last=Jin | first=Xiaoxing | title=Translation and transmutation: the Origin of Species in China | journal=The British Journal for the History of Science | volume=52 | issue=1 | date=2018 | doi=10.1017/s0007087418000808 | pmid=30587253 | pages=117–141| s2cid=58605626 }}</ref>