Editing Old Sarum (section)

=== Norman period ===
{{See also|Old Sarum Cathedral|Old Sarum Castle}}
[[File:Plan of Old Sarum.jpg|thumb|A 1916 plan of Old Sarum by the [[Ordnance Survey]] {{nowrap|(300 ft ≈}} {{nowrap|92 m)}}]]

A [[motte-and-bailey castle]] was built by 1069, three years after the [[Norman Conquest]].<ref name=wilt193 /> The castle was held directly by the Norman kings; its [[castellan]] was generally also the [[sheriff of Wiltshire]]. In 1075, the [[Council of London in 1075|Council of London]] established [[Herman (bishop of Salisbury)|Herman]] as the first [[bishop of Salisbury]] (''{{lang|la|Seriberiensis episcopus}}''),<ref name=bho>British History Online. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1066-1300/vol4/pp1-7 ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'', Vol.&nbsp;IV, "Salisbury: Bishops"]. Institute of Historical Research (London), 1991.</ref> uniting his former sees of [[Bishop of Sherborne|Sherborne]] and [[Bishop of Ramsbury|Ramsbury]] into a [[Diocese of Salisbury|single diocese]] which covered the [[list of English counties|counties]] of [[Dorset]], [[Wiltshire]], and [[Berkshire]]. He and [[Saint Osmund]] began the construction of the [[Old Sarum Cathedral|first Salisbury cathedral]] but neither lived to see its completion in 1092.<ref name="bho" /> Osmund was a cousin of [[William the Conqueror]]<ref>Sarum Charters, 373.</ref> and [[Lord Chancellor]] of [[Norman England|England]]; he was responsible for the codification of the [[Sarum Rite]],<ref>Bergh, Frederick&nbsp;T. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13479a.htm "Sarum Rite"] in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol.&nbsp;XIII. Robert Appleton Co. (New York), 1912. Hosted at ''New Advent''. Accessed 28 Dec 2014.</ref> the compilation of the [[Domesday Book]], and—after centuries of advocacy from Salisbury's bishops—was finally canonized by [[list of popes|Pope]] {{nowrap|[[Callixtus III]]}} in 1457.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swanson |first=R.N. |title=Religion and Devotion in Europe, {{circa|lk=no|1215}}–{{circa|lk=no|1515}} |pages=148 & 315 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=[[Cambridge, England]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-37950-4}}</ref>

The [[Domesday Book]] was probably presented to [[William the Conqueror|William I]] at Old Sarum in 1086,<ref name=wilt193 /> the same year he convened the [[prelate]]s, [[nobles]], [[sheriffs]], and [[knights]] of his dominions there to pay him [[Homage (feudal)|homage]]<ref name=hoveden>[[Roger of Hoveden]]</ref> by the [[Oath of Salisbury]]. Two other national councils were held there: one by [[William Rufus]] in 1096<ref name=Baldwin-1774/>{{rp|page=2}} and another by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] in 1116, which has sometimes been described as the first [[English Parliament]].<ref name=Baldwin-1774/>{{rp|page=2}} [[William Rufus]] confirmed its bishop in various additional sources of income, which were later confirmed by [[Henry II of England|Henry II]].<ref name=Baldwin-1774/>{{rp|page=1}}

The [[Old Sarum Cathedral|cathedral]] was [[consecrated]] on 5&nbsp;April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later.<ref>''The Ecclesiologist'', p.&nbsp;60.{{full citation|date=August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/old-sarum.htm |title=Old Sarum |website=Sacred Destinations |access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref> [[Roger of Salisbury|Bishop Roger]] was a close ally of {{nowrap|[[Henry I of England|Henry I]]}} who served as his viceroy during the king's absence to [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]<ref name=rogereb>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Roger, bishop of Salisbury |volume=23 |page=454}}</ref> and directed the [[chancellor|royal administration]] and [[exchequer]] along with his extended family.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=R.H.C. |title=King Stephen |page=31 |publisher=Longman |place=London, GB |year=1977 |isbn=0-582-48727-7}}</ref> He refurbished and expanded Old Sarum's cathedral in the 1110s.<ref name=rogereb/> This work ultimately doubled the cathedral's length and involved the large-scale levelling of the ecclesiastical district in the northwest quadrant of the town.<ref name=EH-2014-OS-sched/> He began work on a royal palace during the 1130s, prior to his arrest by Henry's successor [[Stephen of England|Stephen]].<ref name=rogereb/> This palace was long thought to have been the small structure whose ruins are located in the small central bailey; it may, however, have been the large palace [[#Modern period|recently discovered]] in the southeast quadrant of the outer bailey.<ref name=stratigraphy /> This palace was {{convert|170|x|65|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, surrounded a large central courtyard, and had walls up to {{convert|3|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} thick. A {{convert|60|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} room was probably a [[great hall]] and there seems to have been a large tower.<ref name=stratigraphy/> At the time of Roger's arrest by {{nowrap|[[Stephen of England|King Stephen]]}}, the bishop administered the castle on the king's behalf;<ref name=Baldwin-1774/>{{rp|page=2}} it was thereafter allowed to fall into disrepair but the sheriff and castellan continued to administer the area under the king's authority.<ref name=Storer-1819>{{cite book |last=Storer |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT73 |title=History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Churches of Great Britain |volume=IV |page=73 |publisher=Rivingtons |place=London, GB |year=1819}}</ref>