Editing Odesa (section)

===Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port===
In 1795, [[Khadjibey]] was officially renamed with the feminine name "{{Lang|ru|Одесса}} ({{transliteration|ru|Odessa}})" after a Greek colony of Odessos that supposedly was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people.<ref name=ehuver10/> Since 1795, the city had its own city magistrate, and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange.<ref name=ehuver10/> In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank.<ref name=ehuver10/> In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people.<ref name="ukrssrtronko">{{Cite web |last=Tronko |first=Petro |author-link=Petro Tronko |title= |script-title=uk:Виникнення і розвиток міста Одеса |trans-title=Creation and development of the city of Odesa |url=http://ukrssr.com.ua/odeska/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-odesa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609064004/https://ukrssr.com.ua/odeska/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-odesa |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023 |language=uk-UA}}</ref>

[[File:Большая Московская.jpg|thumb|200px|In the mid-19th century Odesa became a resort town famed for its popularity among the Russian upper classes. This popularity prompted a new age of investment in the building of hotels and leisure projects.]]
[[File:CP Odessa Dom Russova circa 1920s.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|By the early 1900s Odesa had become a large, thriving city, complete with European architecture and electrified urban transport.]]
In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox church]], the Church of the Dormition, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as a cemetery. Nearby stood the [[barracks|military barracks]] and the country houses (''[[dacha]]'') of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the [[Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]], appointed by Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] as Governor of Odesa in 1803.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis, Duc de |volume= 23 | pages = 302–303 |short= 1}}</ref> Richelieu played a role during [[1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic|Ottoman plague epidemic]] which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6W32VE42L0C&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA312|title=Travels in Russia, and a residence at St. Petersburg and Odessa, in the years 1827-1829|first=Edward|last=Morton|date=12 July 1830|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green|via=Google Books|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=G6W32VE42L0C&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q=plague%20Odessa%201812&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://balkanist.net/plague-and-political-tyranny-odessa/|title=Odessa, 1812: Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire|date=5 December 2015|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629030148/http://balkanist.net/plague-and-political-tyranny-odessa/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince [[Alexey Kurakin|Kuriakin]] (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSd7DQAAQBAJ&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA147|title=Migration and Disease in the Black Sea Region: Ottoman-Russian Relations in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries|first=Andrew|last=Robarts|date=1 December 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781474259507|via=Google Books|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSd7DQAAQBAJ&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q=plague%20Odessa%201812&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the period from 1795 to 1814, the population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century.<ref name="UKRWorld"/> Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odesa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli (see [[Italians of Odesa]]), Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes, and squares remained unchanged.<ref name="Richardson, p.110"/>

The new city quickly became a major success although initially, it received little state funding and privileges.<ref name="older settlements already">[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898 Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024101327/http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898 |date=24 October 2018 }}, [[The Ukrainian Week]] (18 November 2014)</ref> Its early growth owed much to the work of the [[Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]], who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the [[French Revolution]], he had served in [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine]]'s army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered{{by whom|date=August 2011}} one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron|Andrault de Langeron]], who succeeded him in office.

Richelieu is commemorated by a [[bronze sculpture|bronze statue]], unveiled in 1828 to a design by [[Ivan Martos]]. His contributions to the city are mentioned by [[Mark Twain]] in his travelogue ''[[The Innocents Abroad|Innocents Abroad]]'': "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World".

In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example ''Frantsuzky'' (French) and ''Italiansky'' (Italian) Boulevards, ''Grecheskaya'' (Greek), ''Yevreyskaya'' (Jewish), ''Arnautskaya'' (Albanian) Streets).

The [[Filiki Eteria]], a Greek [[freemasonry]]-style society that was to play an important role in the [[Greek war of independence|Greek War of Independence]], was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to [[Constantinople]] in 1818. Odesa's [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] nature was documented by the great [[List of Russian language poets|Russian poet]] [[Alexander Pushkin]], who lived in [[exile|internal exile]] in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odesa's growth was interrupted by the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] and [[Second French Empire|Imperial French]] naval forces.<ref>Clive Pointing, ''The Crimean War: The Truth Behind the Myth'', Chatto & Windus, London, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7011-7390-4}}.</ref> It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]] as well as with [[Iaşi]] in Romania.

[[File:potemkinstairs.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|The 142-metre-long [[Potemkin Stairs]] (constructed 1837–1841), which were famously featured in the 1925 film ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]''. It was built with the important contribution of the [[Italians of Odesa]]]]

The [[History of the Jews in Odesa|city became the home of a large Jewish community]] during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. The community, however, was repeatedly subjected to [[anti-Semitism]] and anti-Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of the population.<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Odessa |url=https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e224090/Place/Odessa |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604020731/https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e224090/Place/Odessa |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pogrom]]s were carried out in [[Odessa pogrom|1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905]]. Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] region that became [[Palestine (region)#Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods|Palestine]], and the city became an important base of support for [[Zionism]].

Until the 1870s, Odesa's Italian population grew steadily.<ref name="lavita"/> From the following decade this growth stopped, and the decline of the Italian community in Odesa began.<ref name="lavita"/> The reason was mainly one, namely the gradual integration into the Slavic population of Odesa, i.e. Russians and Ukrainians.<ref name="lavita"/> Surnames began to be [[Russification|Russianized]] and [[Ukrainization|Ukrainianized]].<ref name="lavita"/> The [[October Revolution|revolution of 1917]] sent many of them to Italy, or to other cities in Europe.<ref name="italiani"/> In [[Soviet Union|Soviet times]], only a few dozen Italians remained in Odesa, most of whom no longer knew their own language.<ref name="cnr">{{cite web|url=https://rime.cnr.it/index.php/rime/article/download/585/950/|title=Odessa. Un'identità mutevole e plurale|access-date=24 September 2024|language=it}}</ref> Over time they merged with the local population, losing the ethnic connotations of origin.<ref name="Leoni">Father [[Pietro Leoni]] to Pietro Quaroni, 21 September 1944 (ASMAE, Italian embassy in Russia, 1861/1950, b. 321).</ref> They disappeared completely by [[World War II]].<ref name="Leoni"/>