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=== Soviet era === [[File:9th May. Day of the German surrender. Gorky 1.jpg|thumb|[[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] on the [[Minin and Pozharsky Square]], 9 May 1945|left]] There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the [[October Revolution]] in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the [[Soviet Era]] when the railway to [[Kotelnich]] was opened for service in 1927. The [[Marxism|Marxist]] activist and Tsarist dissident [[Maxim Gorky]] was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city [[proletariat]]. When he returned to the [[Soviet Union]] in 1932 on the invitation of [[Joseph Stalin]], the city was renamed '''Gorky'''. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place. {{Main|Bombing of Gorky in World War II}} During [[World War II]], from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to [[Strategic bombing during World War II|air raids]] and bombardments by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was a major supplier of military equipment to the front. Of the attacks made in the rear of the [[Soviet Union]], these became the most powerful in the entire duration of the war.{{citeneeded|date=May 2024}} During much of the Soviet era, the city was [[closed city|closed]] to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists travelling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR]], the city was awarded the [[Order of Lenin]]. [[Mátyás Rákosi]], the former Stalinist General Secretary of [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]]'s [[Hungarian Working People's Party|communist party]], died in exile there in 1971. On {{nowrap|20 November 1985}}, in the city the first section of the [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro|metro]] was launched. The [[physicist]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Andrei Sakharov]] was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the “closed” status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.<ref name=PrevName2>Decree of 22 October 1990, Article 1</ref>
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