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==Geography== [[File:Newcastle - aerial images (3) (7445134654).jpg|thumb|An aerial view of central Newcastle and its surrounding metropolitan area, situated on the Hunter River]] Newcastle is on the southern bank of the Hunter River mouth. The northern side is dominated by sand dunes, swamps and multiple river channels. A "green belt" protecting plant and wildlife flanks the city from the west (Watagan mountains) around to the north where it meets the coast just north of Stockton. Urban development is mainly restricted to the hilly southern bank. The small town of [[Stockton, New South Wales|Stockton]] sits opposite central Newcastle at the river mouth and is linked by ferry. Road access between Stockton and central Newcastle is via the [[Stockton Bridge]], a distance of {{cvt|20|km|0}}. Much of the city is undercut by the coal measures of the Sydney sedimentary basin, and what were once numerous coal-mining villages located in the hills and valleys around the port have merged into a single urban area extending southwards to [[Lake Macquarie (New South Wales)|Lake Macquarie]]. The Greater Newcastle area is situated right between the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] and [[Mid North Coast]] regions, with the Central Coast bordering in the south and the Mid North Coast bordering in the north as well as other [[Hunter Region|Hunter]] local government areas (outside of Newcastle) bordering in the west and north-west.{{wide image|Newcastle ANZAC Walk.JPG|640px|align-cap=center|The ANZAC Walk, looking towards [[Merewether]] and the outer suburbs}} ===Parks=== [[File:Speers Point lakeside walk near wharf.jpg|thumb|Speers Point Park]] Newcastle has several public parks including King Edward Park, which was designated in 1863. Features of the park include coastal views, a sunken garden and a Victorian rotunda.<ref>{{cite web |title=King Edward Park |url=https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/north-coast/newcastle-area/newcastle/attractions/king-edward-park |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=Visit NSW |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806160255/https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/north-coast/newcastle-area/newcastle/attractions/king-edward-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Another noteworthy park of Newcastle is Starrett Park in New Lambton, known for its playground and lush grass.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Have Fun at the Playground at Novocastrian Park in New Lambton |url=https://newywithkids.com.au/novocastrian-park/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316190422/https://newywithkids.com.au/novocastrian-park/ |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Newy with Kids}}</ref> ===Climate=== Newcastle has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') that is typical of the Australian east coast. Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter, while the second half of the year is slightly drier on average. The climate is generally moderated by the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east. Summers are mostly warm and humid with periods of very dry and hot weather occasionally due to hot west to north-westerly winds, which can bring temperatures in excess of {{cvt|40|C|0}}. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|42.5|C|1}} on 18 January 2013 at the [[Nobbys Head]] weather station.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164642/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Winters are generally mild with drier conditions than summer on average. [[Cold front]]s affect the area and sometimes bring strong westerly winds behind them, but due to the [[southeast Australian foehn|foehn effect]] they generally [[rain shadow|provide clear conditions]] as the region lies leeward of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref>[https://www.willyweather.com.au/news/5291/rain+shadows.html Rain Shadows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922232632/https://www.willyweather.com.au/news/5291/rain+shadows.html |date=22 September 2021 }} by Don White. Australian Weather News. Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|1.8|C|1}} on 27 July 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=Bureau of Meteorology|archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164642/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Australian east coast low|East coast lows]] also impact Newcastle, sometimes delivering winds well above {{cvt|100|kph|0}} and torrential rainfall, usually lasting a couple of days. The east coast low in May 1974, the [[2007 New South Wales storms]] and April 2015 are extreme examples of this type of weather. {{Weather box | location = Newcastle (Nobbys Signal Station AWS), New South Wales, Australia (1991–2020 normals, 1862–present extremes); 33 m AMSL | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 42.5 | Feb record high C = 40.9 | Mar record high C = 39.0 | Apr record high C = 36.8 | May record high C = 28.5 | Jun record high C = 26.1 | Jul record high C = 26.3 | Aug record high C = 29.9 | Sep record high C = 34.4 | Oct record high C = 36.7 | Nov record high C = 41.0 | Dec record high C = 42.0 | Jan high C = 25.7 | Feb high C = 25.6 | Mar high C = 24.8 | Apr high C = 23.3 | May high C = 20.7 | Jun high C = 18.3 | Jul high C = 17.8 | Aug high C = 19.0 | Sep high C = 21.1 | Oct high C = 22.6 | Nov high C = 23.3 | Dec high C = 24.7 | Jan low C = 20.1 | Feb low C = 20.1 | Mar low C = 18.8 | Apr low C = 15.9 | May low C = 12.7 | Jun low C = 10.6 | Jul low C = 9.4 | Aug low C = 10.1 | Sep low C = 12.6 | Oct low C = 15.0 | Nov low C = 16.8 | Dec low C = 18.7 | Jan record low C = 12.0 | Feb record low C = 10.3 | Mar record low C = 11.1 | Apr record low C = 7.4 | May record low C = 4.7 | Jun record low C = 3.0 | Jul record low C = 1.8 | Aug record low C = 3.3 | Sep record low C = 5.0 | Oct record low C = 6.5 | Nov record low C = 7.2 | Dec record low C = 11.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 70.2 | Feb precipitation mm = 109.7 | Mar precipitation mm = 113.5 | Apr precipitation mm = 109.0 | May precipitation mm = 116.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 125.2 | Jul precipitation mm = 69.1 | Aug precipitation mm = 49.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 56.9 | Oct precipitation mm = 62.0 | Nov precipitation mm = 79.3 | Dec precipitation mm = 67.9 | year precipitation mm = 1034.5 | Jan precipitation days = 7.1 | Feb precipitation days = 7.9 | Mar precipitation days = 8.9 | Apr precipitation days = 8.2 | May precipitation days = 8.9 | Jun precipitation days = 9.0 | Jul precipitation days = 7.6 | Aug precipitation days = 5.4 | Sep precipitation days = 6.3 | Oct precipitation days = 6.9 | Nov precipitation days = 8.3 | Dec precipitation days = 7.7 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan afthumidity = 74 | Feb afthumidity = 77 | Mar afthumidity = 73 | Apr afthumidity = 68 | May afthumidity = 66 | Jun afthumidity = 64 | Jul afthumidity = 59 | Aug afthumidity = 55 | Sep afthumidity = 59 | Oct afthumidity = 65 | Nov afthumidity = 71 | Dec afthumidity = 72 | Jan dew point C = 18.1 | Feb dew point C = 18.9 | Mar dew point C = 17.6 | Apr dew point C = 14.7 | May dew point C = 12.2 | Jun dew point C = 9.6 | Jul dew point C = 7.8 | Aug dew point C = 7.6 | Sep dew point C = 9.5 | Oct dew point C = 12.5 | Nov dew point C = 14.6 | Dec dew point C = 16.7 | source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (temperature, precipitation, humidity 1991–2020 normals)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=061055&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title= Newcastle Nobbys Signal Station AWS, NSW Climate (1991–present normals) |publisher= [[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=4 May 2022 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (temperature extremes 1862–present)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml |title=Newcastle Nobbys Signal Station AWS, NSW Climate (extremes 1862–present) |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164642/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> }} {{Weather box | location = Newcastle University – {{convert|8.5|km|0}} WNW of Newcastle CBD, New South Wales, Australia (1998–2021 normals and extremes); 21 m AMSL | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | collapsed = Yes | Jan record high C = 44.9 | Feb record high C = 44.0 | Mar record high C = 39.2 | Apr record high C = 34.5 | May record high C = 28.8 | Jun record high C = 25.7 | Jul record high C = 25.5 | Aug record high C = 30.5 | Sep record high C = 35.0 | Oct record high C = 37.9 | Nov record high C = 42.2 | Dec record high C = 43.0 | Jan high C = 29.5 | Feb high C = 28.4 | Mar high C = 26.8 | Apr high C = 24.1 | May high C = 21.2 | Jun high C = 18.4 | Jul high C = 17.9 | Aug high C = 19.8 | Sep high C = 22.8 | Oct high C = 25.0 | Nov high C = 26.2 | Dec high C = 27.9 | Jan low C = 19.6 | Feb low C = 19.4 | Mar low C = 17.5 | Apr low C = 14.0 | May low C = 10.4 | Jun low C = 8.8 | Jul low C = 7.3 | Aug low C = 7.9 | Sep low C = 10.8 | Oct low C = 13.4 | Nov low C = 15.9 | Dec low C = 18.0 | Jan record low C = 11.2 | Feb record low C = 12.3 | Mar record low C = 9.6 | Apr record low C = 4.0 | May record low C = 3.5 | Jun record low C = 2.1 | Jul record low C = 1.0 | Aug record low C = 1.8 | Sep record low C = 4.2 | Oct record low C = 5.4 | Nov record low C = 7.0 | Dec record low C = 8.7 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 81.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 135.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 125.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 118.1 | May precipitation mm = 87.5 | Jun precipitation mm = 131.9 | Jul precipitation mm = 64.1 | Aug precipitation mm = 57.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 66.2 | Oct precipitation mm = 68.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 102.3 | Dec precipitation mm = 71.6 | year precipitation mm = 1111.2 | Jan precipitation days = 7.5 | Feb precipitation days = 9.2 | Mar precipitation days = 9.0 | Apr precipitation days = 8.2 | May precipitation days = 7.7 | Jun precipitation days = 9.3 | Jul precipitation days = 7.1 | Aug precipitation days = 6.1 | Sep precipitation days = 6.0 | Oct precipitation days = 6.5 | Nov precipitation days = 8.7 | Dec precipitation days = 7.3 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan afthumidity = 57 | Feb afthumidity = 62 | Mar afthumidity = 60 | Apr afthumidity = 61 | May afthumidity = 59 | Jun afthumidity = 60 | Jul afthumidity = 54 | Aug afthumidity = 48 | Sep afthumidity = 48 | Oct afthumidity = 50 | Nov afthumidity = 58 | Dec afthumidity = 58 | Jan dew point C = 17.2 | Feb dew point C = 18.2 | Mar dew point C = 16.3 | Apr dew point C = 13.5 | May dew point C = 10.4 | Jun dew point C = 8.5 | Jul dew point C = 6.5 | Aug dew point C = 6.0 | Sep dew point C = 8.3 | Oct dew point C = 10.4 | Nov dew point C = 14.2 | Dec dew point C = 16.1 | source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (temperature, precipitation, humidity) (1998–present normals and extremes)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_060141_All.shtml |title=Newcastle University, NSW Climate (1998–present normals and extremes) |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504092414/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_060141_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> }} {| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" |- ! colspan="14" |Newcastle Water Temperature |- !Month !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec ! style="border-left-width:medium" |Year |- !Average sea temperature °C (°F) | style="background:#ffb000; color:#000;" |23.6<br />(74.5) | style="background:#ffa400; color:#000;" |24.0<br />(75.2) | style="background:#ffa000; color:#000;" |23.9<br />(75.0) | style="background:#fa0; color:#000;" |22.9<br />(73.2) | style="background:#ffae00; color:#000;" |21.6<br />(70.9) | style="background:#ffbe00; color:#000;" |20.1<br />(68.2) | style="background:#ffc200; color:#000;" |19.2<br />(66.6) | style="background:#ffd344; color:#000;" |18.9<br />(66.0) | style="background:#ffdd6e; color:#000;" |19.1<br />(66.4) | style="background:#ffd54c; color:#000;" |19.4<br />(66.9) | style="background:#ffbe00; color:#000;" |21.0<br />(69.8) | style="background:#ffc200; color:#000;" |22.6<br />(72.7) | style="background:#ffbc00; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;" | 21.3<br />(70.4) |- ! colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" |Source #2: Metoc (sea temperature)<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle Sea Temperature |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/newcastle.htm |access-date=8 January 2019 |publisher=World sea temperature |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200824/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/newcastle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |}
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