Editing New France (section)

===Royal takeover and attempts to settle===
[[File:Naval Flag of the Kingdom of France (Civil Ensign).svg|thumb|The Merchant Flag of France {{nowrap|(1689 design)}}, inspiration for the [[flag of Quebec]] ]]
In 1650, New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers. Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting, the company needed few French employees. The sparsely populated New France almost fell to hostile Iroquois forces completely as well. In 1660, settler [[Adam Dollard des Ormeaux]] led a Canadian and Huron [[militia]] against a much larger Iroquois force; none of the Canadians survived, although they did turn back the Iroquois invasion.

In 1627, Quebec had only eighty-five French colonists and was easily overwhelmed two years later when three English privateers plundered the settlement. In 1663, New France finally became more secure when [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] made it a royal province, taking control away from the [[Company of One Hundred Associates]]. In the same year the [[Société Notre-Dame de Montréal]] ceded its possessions to the [[Society of Saint-Sulpice|Seminaire de Saint-Sulpice]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=Brian |title=In Its Corporate Capacity: the Seminary of Montreal as a Business Institution, 1816–76 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1986 |chapter=Chapter 1, Holy Housekeeping: The Company and Business Management |pages=[https://archive.org/details/initscorporateca0000youn/page/n26 3]–37 |isbn=978-0-7735-0554-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEF2PSj_S-QC |url=https://archive.org/details/initscorporateca0000youn |url-access=registration }}</ref>

The Crown paid for transatlantic passages and offered other incentives to those willing to move to New France as well, after which the population of New France grew to three thousand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |date=2001 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-200210-0 |pages=365–366 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&pg=PA365}}</ref>

In 1665, Louis XIV sent a French garrison, the [[Carignan-Salières Regiment]], to Quebec. The colonial government was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and [[Intendant of New France|Intendant]] subordinate to the French Minister of the Marine. In 1665, [[Jean Talon]] Minister of the Marine accepted an appointment from [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] as the first Intendant of New France. These reforms limited the power of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|Bishop of Quebec]], who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain.

Talon tried reforming the seigneurial system by forcing the ''seigneurs'' to reside on their land and limiting the size of the ''seigneuries,'' intending to make more land available to new settlers. Talon's attempts failed since very few settlers arrived and the various industries he established failed to surpass the importance of the fur trade.

====Settlers and their families====
[[File:The Arrival of the French Girls at Quebec, 1667 - C.W. Jefferys.jpg|thumb|One group of [[King's Daughters]] arrives at Quebec, 1667]]

The first settler, brought to Quebec by Champlain, was the apothecary [[Louis Hébert]] and his family of Paris. They expressly came to settle and remain in New France so as to make the settlement viable. Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills, ''e''.''g''., farmers, architects, and blacksmiths. At the same time, the government encouraged intermarriages with the indigenous peoples and welcomed [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]], or ''engagés'' sent to New France. As couples married, cash incentives to have large families were put in place and proved effective.

To further strengthen the nascent [[French colonial empire|France's colonial empire]], [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] sponsored single women, virtuous, physically fit, and aged between 15 and 30 years, known as the [[King's Daughters]], or, in French, ''les filles du roi'', to move to New France. The King paid for their passage and granted goods or money as their dowries upon their marriage to single settlers. Approximately 800 women, primarily from the impoverished Parisian, Norman, and West-Central families, relocated during 1663–1673. By 1672, the population of New France had risen to 6,700 people, a marked increase from the population of 3,200 people in 1663.<ref name=peupl>{{cite web |title=Le peuplement d'un pays |url=http://www.mcq.org/histoire/filles_du_roi/peuplem.html |publisher=Musée de la civilisation |year=1998 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101021441/http://www.mcq.org/histoire/filles_du_roi/peuplem.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:1664AmeriqueNord.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Political map of the northeastern part of North America in 1664]]
This rapid demographic growth was predicated both on the high demand for children and on the ready supply of natural resources to support them. According to Landry, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years."<ref name=Landry>{{cite journal |first=Yves |last=Landry |title=Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries |journal=Social Science History |date=Winter 1993 |volume=17 |issue=4 |page=586 |jstor=1171305 |doi=10.2307/1171305}}</ref> Consequently, colonial women bore about 30% more children than comparable women in France. 

Besides household duties, some women participated in the fur trade, the major source of money in New France. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks, and provisioners. Some were widows who took over their husbands' roles. Some even became independent and active entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jan |last=Noel |title=N'être plus la déléguée de personne: une réévaluation du rôle des femmes dans le commerce en Nouvelle-France |journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |year=2009 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=209–241 |doi=10.7202/044453ar|url=http://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/2009-v63-n2-3-haf3904/044453ar.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Settlements in Louisiana====
{{Main|Louisiana (New France)}}
[[File:New orleans plan 1728.jpg|left|thumb|Map of New Orleans in 1728]]
The French extended their territorial claim to the south and to the west of the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] late in the 17th century, naming it for King Louis XIV, as [[Louisiana (New France)|La Louisiane]]. In 1682, [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] explored the [[Ohio River]] Valley and the [[Mississippi embayment|Mississippi River Valley]], and he claimed the entire territory for [[Early modern France|France]] as far south as the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="Magocsi1999w">{{cite book |first=Paul R. |last=Magocsi |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA539 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6 |pages=539–540}}</ref>

La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his [[French colonization of Texas|Fort Saint Louis]] in what is now [[Texas]]. The colony was devastated by disease, and the surviving settlers were killed in 1688, in an attack by the area's [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous population]].<ref>{{cite book |first=René |last=Chartrand |title=The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600–1763 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r24OvgAACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=9781846035043 |page=51}}</ref> Other parts of Louisiana were settled and developed with success, such as [[New Orleans]] and [[Illinois Country|southern Illinois]], leaving a strong [[History of Louisiana#French exploration and colonization (1682–1763)|French influence]] in these areas long after the [[Louisiana Purchase]].

Many strategic [[fort]]s were built there, under the orders of Governor [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]]. Forts were also built in the older portions of New France that had not yet been settled.<ref>{{cite book |first=René |last=Chartrand |title=The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r24OvgAACAAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781472803184 |pages=6–8}}</ref> Many of these forts were garrisoned by the [[Troupes de la Marine]], the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Evan |last1=Haefeli |first2=Kevin |last2=Sweeney |title=Captive Histories: English, French, and Native Narratives of the 1704 Deerfield Raid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJnL7eqZvTQC&pg=PA207 |year=2006 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1-55849-543-2 |page=207}}</ref>