Editing Neurosurgery (section)

===Modern===
'''History of tumor removal''': In 1879, after locating it via neurological signs alone, Scottish surgeon [[William Macewen]] (1848–1924) performed the first successful brain tumor removal.<ref name=Preul2005/>  On November 25, 1884, after English physician [[Alexander Hughes Bennett]] (1848–1901) used Macewen's technique to locate it, English surgeon [[Rickman Godlee]] (1849–1925) performed the first primary brain tumor removal,<ref name=pmid6387062/><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3322/canjclin.24.3.169|pmid = 4210862|title = Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848-1901): Rickman John Godlee (1849-1925)|journal = CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians| volume=24| issue=3| pages=169–170|year = 1974|s2cid = 45097428|doi-access = free}}</ref> which differs from Macewen's operation in that Bennett operated on the exposed brain, whereas Macewen operated outside of the "brain proper" via [[trepanation]].<ref name="uakron gage surgery">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uakron.edu/gage/surgery.dot|title=Surgery|access-date=2016-02-11|archive-date=2021-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113202445/https://www.uakron.edu/gage/surgery.dot|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 16, 1907, Austrian surgeon [[Hermann Schloffer]] became the first to successfully remove a [[Pituitary gland|pituitary]] tumor.<ref name="neurosurgery.org cybermuseum microneurohall jhardy">{{Cite web | url=http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/microneurohall/jhardy.html | title=Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery | access-date=2016-02-11 | archive-date=2017-01-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106204126/http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/microneurohall/jhardy.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''[[Lobotomy]]''': also known as '''leucotomy''', was a form of [[psychosurgery]], a neurosurgical treatment of [[mental disorder]]s that involves severing connections in the brain's [[prefrontal cortex]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livescience.com/42199-lobotomy-definition.html|title=Lobotomy: Definition, Procedure & History|work=Live Science|access-date=2018-06-28|archive-date=2023-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924180952/https://www.livescience.com/42199-lobotomy-definition.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The originator of the procedure, [[Portugal|Portuguese]] neurologist [[António Egas Moniz]], shared the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] of 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nouri|first=Aria|date=20 October 2011|title="A brief history of lobotomy"|url=https://www.aaas.org/brief-history-lobotomy|website=aaas.org|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203192115/https://www.aaas.org/brief-history-lobotomy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miguel A|first=Faria|date=5 April 2013|title="Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy"|journal=Surgical Neurology International|volume=4|page=49|doi=10.4103/2152-7806.110146|pmid=23646259|pmc=3640229 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some patients improved in some ways after the operation, but complications and impairments{{snd}}sometimes severe{{snd}}were frequent. The procedure was controversial from its initial use, in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. It is mostly rejected as a treatment now and non-compliant with [[patients' rights]].

'''History of electrodes in the brain''': In 1878, [[Richard Caton]] discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animal's brain.  In 1950 Jose Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in an animal's brain (bull), using it to make it run and change direction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=C.Marzullo|first=Timothy|date=Spring 2017|title="The Missing Manuscript of Dr. Jose Delgado's Radio Controlled Bulls"|journal=Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education|volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=R29–R35 |pmid=28690447 |pmc=5480854 }}</ref> In 1972 the [[cochlear implant]], a neurological [[Prosthesis|prosthetic]] that allowed deaf people to hear was marketed for commercial use. In 1998 researcher Philip Kennedy implanted the first Brain Computer Interface (BCI) into a human subject.<ref name="Brown BI108">http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/03/hist.htm{{full citation needed|date=February 2016}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Dead link|date=October 2023}}</ref>

A survey done in 2010 on 100 most cited works in neurosurgery shows that the works mainly cover clinical trials evaluating surgical and medical therapies, descriptions of novel techniques in neurosurgery, and descriptions of systems classifying and grading diseases.<ref name="pmid20078192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ponce FA, Lozano AM |title=Highly cited works in neurosurgery. Part I: the 100 top-cited papers in neurosurgical journals |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=223–32 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20078192 |doi=10.3171/2009.12.JNS091599 }}</ref>