Editing Neurosis (section)

=== DSM-II (1968–1980) ===

After Freudian thinking became less prominent in psychology, the term "neurosis" came to be used as a near synonym for "[[anxiety]]". The second edition of the DSM (''[[DSM-II]]'') in 1968 described neuroses thusly: <blockquote>Anxiety is the chief characteristic of the neuroses. It may be felt and expressed directly, or it may be controlled unconsciously and automatically by [[Conversion disorder|conversion]] [into physical symptoms], [[Displacement (psychology)|displacement]] [into mental symptoms] and various other psychological mechanisms. Generally, these mechanisms produce symptoms experienced as subjective distress from which the patient desires relief. The neuroses, as contrasted to the [[Psychosis|psychoses]], manifest neither gross distortion or misinterpretation of external reality, nor gross personality disorganization...</blockquote>Included in this category were the conditions:

* [[Hysterical neurosis]]
** [[Conversion disorder|Hysterical neurosis, conversion type]]
** [[Hysterical neurosis, dissociative type]]
* [[Phobia|Phobic neurosis]]
* [[Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis|Obsessive compulsive neurosis]]
* [[Major depressive disorder|Depressive neurosis]]
* [[Neurasthenia|Neurasthenic neurosis]] (neurasthenia)
* [[Depersonalization-derealization disorder|Depersonalization neurosis]] (depersonalization syndrome)
* [[Hypochondriasis|Hypochondriacal neurosis]]
* Other neurosis
* Unspecified neurosis

What was previously "gross stress reaction" and "adult situational reaction" was combined into the new "[[adjustment disorder]] of adult life", a condition covering mild to strong reactions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISTSS - History |url=https://istss.org/about-istss/history |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=istss.org}}</ref> Other adjustment disorders for other times-of-life were also included. (Also, the category "transient situational personality disorders" was renamed "transient situational disturbances.")

''Anxiety and Neurosis'' was a popular mass-market book released in 1968 by British psychologist [[Charles Rycroft]].<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Rycroft C |title=Anxiety and Neurosis | date = 1968 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Anxiety-and-Neurosis/Rycroft/p/book/9780946439522 |access-date=2023-04-14 | publisher = Routledge & CRC Press |language=en | isbn = 978-0-946439-52-2}}</ref>

''Neuroses and Personality Disorders'' was a popular textbook released by American psychologist Elton B McNeil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychologist McNeil Dies At 50 {{!}} Ann Arbor District Library |url=https://aadl.org/node/83741 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=aadl.org}}</ref> in 1970.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = McNeil EB |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o0AJ9cb7YLQC |title=Neuroses and Personality Disorders |date=1970 |language=en | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | oclc = 97389 | isbn = 978-0-13-611509-0}}</ref>

The [[State-Trait Anxiety Inventory]] (STAI) was developed by [[Charles Spielberger]] and others, and first published in 1970. It provides separate "state" and "trait" measures of a person's anxiety. A revised form was released in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory |vauthors=Spielberger C, Gorssuch R, Lushene P, Vagg P, Jacobs G |publisher=Consulting Psychologists Press |year=1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2017}}</ref>

The book ''[[Primal therapy|Primal Scream. Primal Therapy: The Cure for Neurosis]]'' by American psychologist [[Arthur Janov]] was released in 1970. It established [[primal therapy]] as a treatment for neurosis. It is based on the idea that neurosis is caused by the [[Psychological repression|repressed]] pain of childhood trauma. Janov argued that repressed pain can be sequentially brought to conscious awareness for resolution through re-experiencing specific incidents and fully expressing the resulting pain during therapy. Janov criticizes the [[talking therapies]] as they deal primarily with the [[cerebral cortex]] and higher-reasoning areas and do not access the source of Pain within the more basic parts of the [[central nervous system]].<ref name = "Janov_1980">{{cite book | vauthors = Janov A | chapter = Introduction |title=Prisoners of Pain: Unlocking the Power of the Mind to End Suffering |date=1980 |publisher=Anchor Press/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-15791-9}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> (A second edition of the book was published in 1999).

Chinese-American psychiatrist William WK Zung<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blazer DG |title=William W.K. Zung, MDiv, MS, MD |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology |date=August 1992 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=234 |doi=10.1097/00004714-199208000-00003 }}</ref> released his "Anxiety Status Inventory" (ASI) and patient "Self-rating Anxiety Scale" (SAS) in November 1971.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zung WW |title=A Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders |journal=Psychosomatics |date=November 1971 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=371–379 |doi=10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0 |pmid=5172928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Dąbrowski expanded on his earlier book with ''Psychoneurosis Is Not An Illness: Neuroses And Psychoneuroses From The Perspective Of Positive Disintegration'' in 1972.

''Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research'' is a well-cited series of two books released in 1972, and were edited by [[Charles Spielberger]].

American anthropologist [[Ernest Becker|Ernst Becker]] in his [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction|Pulitzer-winning]] book [[The Denial of Death]] (1973) argued that the repression of the fear of death had a number of advantages, and that this was a major source of neurosis.

The first [[Tetracyclic antidepressant|tetracyclic anti-depressant]] (TeCA) [[maprotiline]] (Ludiomil) was developed by [[Ciba-Geigy|Ciba]],<ref name="pmid19557250">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K |year=2009 |title=Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters |journal=Chem. Commun. |issue=25 |pages=3677–92 |doi=10.1039/b903035m |pmid=19557250}}</ref> and patented in 1966.<ref name="pmid19557250" /> It was introduced for medical use in 1974.<ref name="pmid19557250" /><ref name="Dart2004">{{cite book |author=Richard C. Dart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA836 |title=Medical Toxicology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4 |pages=836–}}</ref> TeCAs [[mianserin]] (Tolvon) and [[amoxapine]] (Asendin) followed shortly thereafter and [[mirtazapine]] (Remeron) being introduced later on.<ref name="pmid19557250" /><ref name="Dart2004" /> [[File:Liber Brunensis 1942, Aaron T. Beck.jpg|thumb|[[Aaron Beck]] advanced cognitive behavioral therapy, and developed a cognitive theory of depression.]][[Albert Ellis]]' work was expanded on by fellow American, psychiatrist [[Aaron Beck]]. In 1975, Beck released the greatly influential book ''Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders''. Beck's [[cognitive therapy]] became popular, soon becoming the most popular form of CBT and often being known by that name.<!-- More here. -->

American psychiatrist and historian [[Kenneth Levin]]'s ''Freud's early psychology of the neuroses: a historical perspective'' was published in 1978.

American-Israeli medical sociologist [[Aaron Antonovsky]] in his 1979 book ''Stress, Health and Coping'', stated that an event will not be perceived as stressful when it is appraised as consistent, under some personal control of the outcome, and balanced between underload and overload. Someone resistant to stress will see potential stressors as instead being "meaningful, predictable, and ordered."<ref name=":3">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/healthstresscopi00antorich |title=Health, Stress, and Coping |vauthors=Antonovsky A |publisher=Jossey-Bass Publishers |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87589-412-6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Antonovsky proposed that stress and a lack of an individual's "resistance resources" (to stressors) may be the main underlying causes of illness and disease, not just mental neuroses. This book established the field of [[salutogenesis]].

In January 1980, [[Stanley Rachman]] published a well-cited working definition of "emotional processing",<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rachman S | title = Emotional processing | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–60 | date = 1980-01-01 | pmid = 7369988 | doi = 10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8}}</ref> aiming to define the "certain psychological experiences" Freud had mentioned in his 1923 book (and had earlier referred to). It included lists of things likely to improve or retard such processing.