Editing Muslim Brotherhood (section)

===Post–World War II===
====Conflict in Palestine and Egypt (1945–1952)====

After the war the Brotherhood lobbied<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Awaisi |first=Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad |year=1998 |title=The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question. 1928–1947 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|pages=187–189}}</ref> for granting Amin al-Husseini, who had served as a German propaganda mouthpiece between 1941 and 1945,<ref>{{cite book| last=Motadel |first=David |title=Islam and Nazi Germany's War |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University|pages=42–44, 318}}</ref> asylum in Egypt. In May 1946 al-Husseini managed to escape from French imprisonment and arrived in Cairo. He received a warm welcome, especially by al-Banna, who ennobled him to a "miracle of a man" with "a divine spark in his heart which makes him above human beings", followed by a martial pledge of loyalty against the Zionists.<ref>{{cite book| last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |title=Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University|pages=241–245}}</ref> Soon after his arrival the [[Arab League]] established the [[Arab Higher Executive]] (rebranded as [[Arab Higher Committee]] in January 1947) as supreme Palestinian party with Amin al-Husseini as Cairo-based chairman.<ref>{{cite book| last=Morris| first=Benny |title=1948. A History of the First Arab-Israeli War |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University|page=27}}</ref> al-Banna designated al-Husseini a local Brotherhood leader to spread the influence of the new Palestinian branch established in October 1945.<ref>{{cite book| last=Abu-Amr |first=Ziad |title=Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza. Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref> Another small branch was founded in Jordan at the turn of 1946.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|page=134}}</ref>

[[File:Ikhwan48-1.gif|thumb|upright=1.1|Muslim Brotherhood fighters in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]]]

The Brotherhood opposed the [[UN]]'s involvement in Palestine from April 1947, with the latter eventually voting for its partition into a Jewish and an Arab state in November 1947. Consequently, the society prepared for war,<ref name=El-Awaisi_193-196>{{cite book|last=El-Awaisi |first=Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad |year=1998 |title=The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question. 1928–1947 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|pages=193–196}}</ref> with volunteers entering Palestine as early as October 1947.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|page=135}}</ref> By 30 November 1947 Palestine descended into a [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] fought between the [[Yishuv]] and al-Husseini's Arab Higher Committee, eventually ending in a Palestinian defeat by May 1948.<ref>{{cite book| last=Morris| first=Benny |title=1948. A History of the First Arab-Israeli War |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University|pages=77–78}}</ref> Of the 10,000 fighters al-Banna had promised in October 1947<ref name=El-Awaisi_193-196/> some 1.500 were present by March 1948.<ref>{{cite book| last=Abu-Amr |first=Ziad |title=Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza. Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University|page=4}}</ref> The fighters came from all three branches and were originally engaged in guerrilla activities.<ref name=El-Awaisi_208-209>{{cite book|last=El-Awaisi |first=Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad |year=1998 |title=The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question. 1928–1947 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|pages=208–209}}</ref> The end of [[Mandatory Palestine]] and [[Israel|Israel's]] [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declaration of independence]] on 14 May resulted in an [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|invasion by five Arab states]] in 15 May, among them Egypt.<ref>{{cite book| last=Roberts |first=Priscilla |year=2017 |title=Arab-Israeli Conflict. A Documentary and Reference Guide |publisher=ABC–CLIO|page=49}}</ref> Brotherhood fighters assisted the Egyptian army northeast of [[Gaza strip|Gaza]], although some were also active in the West Bank.<ref name=El-Awaisi_208-209/> The volunteers suffered a few hundred casualties dead and wounded and had only a limited impact on the course of the war,<ref name=Frampton_136>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|page=1346}}</ref> although they played a decisive role in several engagements.<ref name=El-Awaisi_208-210>{{cite book|last=El-Awaisi |first=Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad |year=1998 |title=The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question. 1928–1947 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|pages=208–210}}</ref> The war was an Arab failure, resulting in a truce fiercely opposed by the Muslim Brothers.<ref name=Frampton_136/><ref name=El-Awaisi_208-210/>

[[File:Mahmoud an-Nuqrashi Pasha.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Prime minister [[Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha|Nokrashy Pasha]], who was shot by a Brotherhood assassin after outlawing the society in 1948]]

On 2 November 1945 the Brotherhood organized a general strike protesting the Balfour declaration that eventually escalated into [[1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt|deadly riots targeting Jews and foreigners]].<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Awaisi |first=Abd Al-Fattah Muhammad |year=1998 |title=The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question. 1928–1947 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|pages=176–177}}</ref> 
 
In March 1948 the "Secret Apparatus" assassinated a respected judge for issuing a life sentence against a Muslim Brother for attacking British soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Richard Paul|author-link=Richard P. Mitchell|title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780195084375|pages=62}}</ref> In late 1948 the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2,000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sacred Rage|last=Wright|first=Robin|year=1985|page=179}}</ref> In November, following several bombings and alleged assassination attempts by the Brotherhood, the Egyptian government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "Secret Apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam|publisher=Research and Publishing House|last=Chamieh|first=Jebran|year=1995|page=140}}</ref> It was accused of preparing the overthrow of the government, linked to a jeep loaded with weapons.<ref name=Frampton_139-140>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|pages=139–140}}</ref> The headquarters were closed and its funds confiscated, while 4,000 Brothers were detained<ref name=elZalaf_38-39>{{cite book| last=el Zalaf |first=Ahmed Abou |year=2022 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt. A History of Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization |publisher=Bloomsbury|pages=38–39}}</ref> and al-Banna was placed under temporary house arrest.<ref name=Frampton_139-140/> The reaction to the dissolution was the assassination of prime minister [[Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha|Nokrashy Pasha]] on 28 December by a young "Secret Apparatus" member.<ref name=elZalaf_38-39/> al-Banna claimed that the killer acted independently<ref>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|page=142}}</ref> and publicly denounced his faith.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mellor |first=Noha |year=2017 |title=Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood. Da'wa, Discourse, and Political Communication |publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=42}}</ref> After a failed yet lethal bombing in mid-January 1949 which was intended to destroy legal evidence pending against the Brotherhood<ref>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|page=143}}</ref> al-Banna himself was killed in 12 February<ref name=elZalaf_38-39/> by vengeful Nokrashy supporters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |year=2018 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and the West. A History of Enmity and Engagement |publisher=Harvard University|page=96}}</ref>

In 1952, members of the Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in the [[Cairo Fire]] that destroyed some 750 buildings in downtown Cairo&nbsp;– mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners.<ref name="RebellionWright">{{cite magazine|title=The Rebellion Within, An Al Qaeda mastermind questions terrorism|url=https://newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2 June 2008|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708120928/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Dissolution under the "Free Officers" and Nasser (1952–1970)====

[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Brotherhood theorist [[Sayyid Qutb]], who was executed in 1966]]

In 1952 Egypt's monarchy was [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|overthrown]] by a group of nationalist military officers ([[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]]) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the first war against Israel in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/14318665|title=أسرار حركة الضباط الأحرار والإخوان المسلمون|website=goodreads.com}}</ref> However, after the revolution [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President of Egypt, [[Muhammad Neguib]], in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood, blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for years in prisons and [[concentration camp]]s. In the 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|last=Commins|first=David|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2006|page=152}}</ref> From the 1950s, al-Banna's son-in-law [[Said Ramadan]] emerged as a major leader of the Brotherhood and the movement's unofficial foreign minister. Ramadan built a major center for the Brotherhood centered on a mosque in Munich, which became "a refuge for the beleaguered group during its decades in the wilderness".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/02/05/washingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood/ |title=Washington's Secret History with the Muslim Brotherhood |first=Ian |last=Johnson |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224140828/http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/02/05/washingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood/ |archive-date=24 December 2015 |url-status=live |quote=One of the leaders, according to Eisenhower's appointment book, was "The Honorable Saeed Ramahdan, Delegate of the Muslim Brothers".* The person in question (in more standard romanization, Said Ramadan), was the son-in-law of the Brotherhood's founder and at the time widely described as the group's "foreign minister" (He was also the father of the controversial Swiss scholar of Islam, Tariq Ramadan).}}</ref> In the 1960s, Ramadan worked closely with [[Mahmoud K. Muftić]], a Bosnian Muslim exile who had married his cousin, who helped build links between the Muslim Brotherhood and various anti-communist exile groups in Europe and the Middle East.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Johnson (writer) |title=A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA, and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueinmunichna0000john |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2010 |page=163 |isbn=0547488688}}</ref><ref name="Mišur">{{cite journal |last1= Mišur |first1= Ivo |year=2018 |title=Uloga političke emigracije iz NDH u događanjima na Bliskom istoku 1947–1964|trans-title=The role of political émigrés from the NDH in events in the Middle East 1947–1964 |url=https://gracanickiglasnik.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Pages-from-gg46-6.pdf |journal= Gračanički glasnik – časopis za kulturnu historiju |volume= XXIII |issue= 46 |pages=49–60 }}</ref> 

In the 1970s after the death of Nasser and under the new President ([[Anwar Sadat]]), the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of participation in Egyptian politics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|page=83}}</ref>